Ten years after the 2016 referendum, the United Kingdom is still dealing with the social, economic, and political effects of leaving the European Union.

在2016年全民公投十年後，英國仍在處理脫歐所帶來的社會、經濟與政治影響。

The automotive industry shows how unstable this transition has been. For example, the Nissan plant in Sunderland saw production drop from 507,000 units in 2016 to 273,000 last year. Although the British government provided over £162 million in aid to keep the plant running, the industry still faces trade barriers. Consequently, new foreign companies, such as Xpeng, now prefer the EU market over the UK. Similarly, the fishing industry has not seen the expected benefits. New agreements have allowed EU ships to continue fishing in British waters until 2038, and strict immigration rules have made it difficult to hire skilled crew members.

汽車工業顯示了這次過渡是多麼不穩定。例如，桑德蘭的 Nissan 工廠產量從 2016 年的 507,000 輛下降到去年的 273,000 輛。儘管英國政府提供了超過 1.62 億英鎊的援助以維持工廠運行，但該產業仍面臨貿易壁壘。因此，像小鵬 (Xpeng) 這樣的新外國公司，現在比起英國市場更傾向於歐盟市場。同樣地，漁業也未見到預期的收益。新協議允許歐盟船隻在英國海域繼續捕魚至 2038 年，而嚴格的移民規則使得聘僱熟練船員變得困難。

Border management and travel have also become more difficult. New systems like the Entry-Exit System (EES) and Etias fees have caused delays and higher costs for travelers. Furthermore, transport companies have had to spend a lot of money to meet new safety and biometric rules. This labor shortage is also visible in social care; because fewer EU workers are coming to the UK, the government had to recruit more people from countries like India and Nigeria, although newer laws have since limited these options.

邊境管理與旅行也變得更加困難。新系統如入境出境系統 (EES) 和 Etias 費用導致旅客面臨延遲與更高成本。此外，運輸公司必須投入大量資金以符合新的安全與生物識別規則。勞動力短缺在社會關懷領域同樣明顯；由於較少歐盟工人進入英國，政府不得不從印度和尼日เรีย等國招募更多人員，儘管後來的法律限制了這些選擇。

On the other hand, the financial sector has been surprisingly strong. Many experts predicted massive job losses, but only 7,000 jobs moved to Europe. This stability happened because the industry adapted quickly and the government reduced regulations on banker bonuses. While overall service exports grew by 47% between 2016 and 2025, this growth was mostly in areas with fewer trade barriers, whereas the share of financial and insurance exports actually fell from 32% to 24%.

另一方面，金融業表現出乎意料地強勁。許多專家預測會出現大規模失業，但僅有 7,000 個職位移至歐洲。這種穩定是因為該產業適應迅速，且政府放寬了對銀行家獎金的監管。雖然 2016 年至 2025 年間整體服務出口增長了 47%，但此增長主要集中在貿易壁壘較少的領域，而金融與保險出口的佔比實際上從 32% 下降至 24%。

The United Kingdom continues to experience economic division, and a majority of the public now feels that leaving the EU was a mistake.

英國繼續經歷經濟分化，且大多數民眾現在認為脫歐是一個錯誤。