A peer-reviewed critique published in Nature has challenged the empirical basis of Microsoft's quantum computing hardware, specifically the Majorana 1 and 2 chips.

發表在《自然》雜誌的一篇同行評審評論，質疑了微軟量子計算硬體（特別是 Majorana 1 和 2 晶片）的實證基礎。

The controversy centers on the purported realization of Majorana particles, quasi-particles that Microsoft intends to utilize as the foundation for topological qubits. According to theoretical frameworks, such qubits would exhibit superior stability and lower error rates compared to the superconducting circuits employed by competitors such as IBM and Google. However, Dr. Henry Legg of the University of St. Andrews asserts that Microsoft has failed to provide conclusive evidence of these particles. Legg posits that the signals interpreted by Microsoft as Majorana signatures may instead be attributable to the formation of quantum dots or stochastic noise, further alleging that the company engaged in selective data reporting.

此次爭議的焦點在於據稱實現了馬約拉納粒子（Majorana particles），這種準粒子是微軟打算用作拓撲量子位元基礎的元件。根據理論框架，這類量子位元與 IBM 和 Google 等競爭對手採用的超導電路相比，將展現出更高的穩定性和更低的錯誤率。然而，聖安德魯大學的 Henry Legg 博士主張，微軟未能提供這些粒子的決定性證據。Legg 認為，微軟將其解讀為馬約拉納特徵的信號，實際上可能歸因於量子點的形成或隨機雜訊，並進一步指控該公司在數據報告中採取選擇性做法。

Institutional skepticism is compounded by a history of academic instability; previous Microsoft-supported research has resulted in two retractions from Nature and editorial alerts in both Nature and Science. While Microsoft maintains that the retracted works were conducted externally, critics like Sergey Frolov argue that the company lacks a consistent experimental foundation. In response, Microsoft has characterized the software under scrutiny as a practical tuning instrument and asserts that its hardware is operational. To address transparency concerns, the corporation has submitted data to the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) for arbitration, citing commercial sensitivity as the rationale for withholding broader public disclosure.

機構的懷疑因其過往學術不穩定的紀錄而加劇；先前由微軟支持的研究曾導致《自然》雜誌撤回兩篇論文，且在《自然》與《科學》雜誌中均收到編輯警示。儘管微軟堅持被撤回的作品是由外部完成，但如 Sergey Frolov 等評論者則認為該公司缺乏一致的實驗基礎。對此，微軟將受質疑的軟體描述為一種實用的調校工具，並聲明其硬體運作正常。為了處理透明度疑慮，該公司已將數據提交至美國國防高級研究計劃局 (DARPA) 進行仲裁，並以商業敏感性為由拒絕更廣泛的公開披露。

This technical impasse occurs within a broader geopolitical context, as the U.S. administration has allocated $2 billion to quantum development with a target for a functional scientific system by 2028. Despite these external critiques, Microsoft continues its developmental trajectory, having announced the Majorana 2 chip and projecting the delivery of a scalable quantum computer by 2029.

這一技術僵局發生在更廣泛的地緣政治背景下，美國政府已撥款 20 億美元用於量子開發，目標是在 2028 年前實現一個功能性的科學系統。儘管面臨這些外部批評，微軟仍維持其開發軌跡，已宣布 Majorana 2 晶片，並預計在 2029 年交付一台可擴展的量子電腦。

Microsoft continues to affirm the validity of its quantum roadmap despite ongoing academic disputes regarding the existence of its topological qubits.

儘管關於拓撲量子位元是否存在仍有學術爭議，微軟依然肯定其量子路線圖的有效性。