India is experiencing a transition from a software-services paradigm toward 'DeepTech,' characterized by research-intensive sectors such as artificial intelligence, semiconductors, and biotechnology.

印度正經歷從軟體服務範式向「DeepTech」的轉型，其特點是以人工智慧、半導體和生物技術為代表的研究密集型產業。

The contemporary Indian technological landscape is witnessing a strategic pivot toward DeepTech, a category encompassing robotics, clean energy, and advanced materials. Unlike traditional digital enterprises, these ventures are predicated upon protracted development cycles and rigorous engineering. Consequently, the utility of intellectual property (IP) has evolved; patents are no longer viewed as merely defensive instruments but are now integral to capital acquisition and institutional valuation.

當前印度的技術格局正見證著向 DeepTech 的策略性轉向，該類別涵蓋機器人、清潔能源和先進材料。與傳統數位企業不同，這些創業項目基於較長的開發週期和嚴格的工程要求。因此，知識產權（IP）的效用已發生演變；專利不再僅被視為防禦性工具，而是成為獲取資本和機構估值的核心。

However, this transition has exposed significant frictions within the existing legal framework. The Patents Act of 1970, designed for mechanical and pharmaceutical innovations, struggles to accommodate the rapid iteration cycles of AI and semiconductors. Specifically, Section 3(k) regarding 'computer programmes per se' has necessitated a judicial shift toward recognizing 'technical effect' to avoid the automatic rejection of software-integrated hardware. Furthermore, the Indian Patent Office has maintained a strict adherence to human inventorship, as evidenced by the rejection of the DABUS application, thereby creating a divergence between technological capability and legal recognition.

然而，這次轉型揭示了現有法律框架內的顯著摩擦。1970 年的《專利法》是為機械和製藥創新而設計，難以適應人工智慧和半導體的快速迭代週期。具體而言，關於「電腦程式本身」的第 3(k) 條，迫使司法體系轉向承認「技術效果」，以避免軟體整合硬體被自動拒絕。此外，印度專利局堅持發明人必須為人類，如拒絕 DABUS 申請所示，從而造成技術能力與法律認可之間的分歧。

From a fiscal and structural perspective, a substantial disparity exists between India and the United States, with DeepTech funding in 2024 totaling $1.6 billion compared to $95 billion in the US. This is compounded by a national R&D expenditure of only 0.64% of GDP, contributing to a 'valley of death' where innovations fail to reach commercialization. The mitigation of this gap requires a synthesis of six critical pillars: the identification of substantive problems, differentiated IP, domain expertise, patient capital, strategic partnerships, and execution discipline. There is a noted requirement for 'intrapreneurs'—experienced corporate innovators—to transition into entrepreneurial roles to provide the necessary maturity for scaling these complex technologies.

從財務和結構角度看，印度與美國之間存在巨大差距，2024 年 DeepTech 資金總額為 16 億美元，而美國則為 950 億美元。這與國家研發支出僅佔 GDP 的 0.64% 互為因果，導致出現「死亡之谷」，使創新無法達到商業化。填補這一差距需要綜合六大關鍵支柱：確定實質問題、差異化 IP、領域專業知識、耐心資本、策略合作夥伴關係以及執行紀律。目前顯然需要「內部創業家」——即經驗豐富的企業創新者——轉型為創業角色，為這些複雜技術的規模化提供必要的成熟度。

While government initiatives have bolstered domestic filings, the Indian DeepTech sector remains constrained by legal obsolescence and a critical deficit in patient capital and experienced leadership.

雖然政府計劃推動了國內專利申請的增加，但印度 DeepTech 產業仍受限於法律過時，以及耐心資本與經驗豐富領導層的嚴重匱乏。