The United States Supreme Court has issued a series of rulings that expand the president's power to dismiss officials within independent federal agencies while maintaining specific protections for the Federal Reserve.

美國最高法院發布了一系列裁決，擴大了總統撤換獨立聯邦機構官員的權力，同時為聯準會保留了特定的保護措施。

In the case of Trump v. Slaughter, the Court delivered a 6-3 decision that effectively nullified the 1935 precedent established in Humphrey’s Executor v. United States. The majority opinion, authored by Chief Justice John Roberts, asserted that officials exercising executive power must remain accountable to the Chief Executive. This ruling permits the president to remove leaders of multi-member independent agencies—such as the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)—without the requirement of 'for cause' justification. Consequently, the legal framework governing dozens of regulatory bodies, including the National Labor Relations Board and the Consumer Product Safety Commission, has been shifted toward a model of at-will employment under the 'unitary executive' theory.

在「川普對 Slaughter」一案中，法院以 6 比 3 的裁決，實際上廢除了 1935 年在「Humphrey’s Executor 對美國」案中建立的先例。由首席大法官 John Roberts 撰寫的多數意見主張，行使行政權力的官員必須對行政首長負責。此項裁決允許總統在不需要「正當理由」的情況下，撤換多名成員組成的獨立機構（例如聯邦貿易委員會 FTC）的領導人。因此，管轄數十個監管機構（包括國家勞工關係委員會和消費者產品安全委員會）的法律框架，已根據「單一行政首長」理論轉向「隨意雇用」模式。

Conversely, the Court provided a narrow reprieve for Federal Reserve Governor Lisa Cook in Trump v. Cook. In a 5-4 ruling, the majority determined that the Federal Reserve's unique historical status as a quasi-private entity necessitates a higher threshold for removal. The Court found that the administration failed to provide the requisite procedural due process, such as a formal explanation of evidence and an opportunity for rebuttal, before attempting to terminate Cook's tenure. While this decision does not permanently immunize Federal Reserve governors from removal, it reinforces the institutional independence of the central bank to prevent political manipulation of monetary policy.

相反，法院在「川普對 Cook」一案中，為聯準會理事 Lisa Cook 提供了狹義的暫緩執行。在 5 比 4 的裁決中，多數意見認定聯準會作為準私人實體的獨特歷史地位，使得撤換門檻必須更高。法院發現，行政當局在嘗試終止 Cook 的任期前，未能提供必要的程序正當法律程序，例如正式的證據解釋和反駁機會。雖然此決定並非永久豁免聯準會理事被撤換，但它強化了中央銀行的制度獨立性，以防止貨幣政策受到政治操縱。

Beyond executive personnel matters, the Court addressed electoral and civil litigation. In a 5-4 decision, the Court upheld a Mississippi statute allowing the tabulation of mail-in ballots received after Election Day, provided they were postmarked by the deadline. Additionally, the Court declined to review a $5 million civil judgment against President Trump in the E. Jean Carroll defamation and sexual abuse case, thereby finalizing the lower court's verdict. The Court also refused to revive a defamation suit filed by attorney Alan Dershowitz against CNN, maintaining the 'actual malice' standard established in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan.

除行政人事問題外，法院亦處理了選舉與民事訴訟。在 5 比 4 的裁決中，法院維持了密西西比州的一項法令，允許計算在選舉日之後收到、但於截止日期前蓋有郵戳的郵寄選票。此外，法院拒絕審理 E. Jean Carroll 誹謗與性侵案中對川普總統 500 萬美元的民事判決，從而確定了下級法院的裁定。法院亦拒絕恢復律師 Alan Dershowitz 對 CNN 提起的誹謗訴訟，維持了在「紐約時報對 Sullivan」案中建立的「實際惡意」標準。

The judiciary has significantly augmented presidential control over the administrative state while preserving the autonomy of the Federal Reserve and upholding specific state election laws.

司法部門顯著增加了總統對行政體系的控制權，同時保留了聯準會的自主權，並維持了特定州的選舉法。