International trade is transitioning toward a model of 'forced trade' characterized by the systemic application of secondary sanctions and export controls by Western powers against third-country entities.

國際貿易正轉向一種「強迫貿易」模式，其特徵是西方強權對第三國實體系統性地採取二級制裁與出口管制。

The contemporary global trade architecture is undergoing a fundamental shift from a multilateral, rules-based system toward one governed by the control of critical economic levers, including payment systems and reserve currencies. This transition is evidenced by the European Union's forthcoming 21st sanctions package, which targets approximately fifty third-country firms, including Indian entities, and the United States' November 2024 designation of nearly 400 entities for Russian trade. Such measures constitute secondary enforcement, wherein the sanctioning state's determinations supersede the legal frameworks of the receiving state, effectively penalizing conduct that remains lawful under domestic jurisdiction.

當代的全球貿易體系正經歷一場根本性的轉變，從一個多邊、基於規則的系統，轉向一個由關鍵經濟槓桿（包括支付系統與儲備貨幣）控制的系統。歐盟即將推出的第 21 輪制裁方案證明了這一點，該方案針對約 50 家第三國公司，其中包括印度實體；而美國在 2024 年 11 月將近 400 個從事俄羅斯貿易的實體列入名單。此類措施構成二級執行，即制裁國的認定凌駕於接收國的法律框架之上，有效地懲罰了在國內司法管轄權下仍屬合法的行為。

This trend toward extraterritoriality is further exemplified by Japan's current prohibition of jet fuel exports to Russia. Trade Minister Ryosei Akazawa has confirmed that this ban extends to shipments routed through third countries and ship-to-ship transfers, indicating a coordinated G7 effort to preclude sanctions evasion through enhanced surveillance and inter-governmental information sharing.

日本目前禁止向俄羅斯出口噴射燃料，進一步體現了這種域外主義趨勢。貿易大臣赤澤亮正已確認，此禁令擴展至經由第三國轉運及船對船轉移，表明 G7 正透過強化監控與政府間資訊共享，協同努力防止規避制裁。

India's strategic positioning is informed by its historical rejection of non-UN mandated sanctions following the 1998 nuclear tests. While India maintains robust export-control frameworks and aligns with the Wassenaar Arrangement and the Australia Group, the current trajectory of 'forced trade' threatens its strategic autonomy. The commercial isolation resulting from secondary sanctions—whereby financial institutions and insurers distance themselves from designated firms—necessitates a transition from declaratory positions to a formal legal mechanism. Consequently, there is a proposed shift toward the adoption of a 'blocking statute,' analogous to EU Regulation 2271/96, which would prohibit domestic firms from complying with extraterritorial sanctions that adversely affect national commercial or strategic interests.

印度的戰略定位基於其在 1998 年核試後拒絕非聯合國授權制裁的歷史。雖然印度維持強有力的出口管制框架，並與瓦森納協定（Wassenaar Arrangement）及澳洲集團（Australia Group）保持一致，但當前「強迫貿易」的趨勢威脅其戰略自主。二級制裁導致的商業孤立——即金融機構與保險公司與被指定公司保持距離——使得印度必須從聲明立場轉向正式的法律機制。因此，印度擬議轉向採取「封鎖法令」（blocking statute），類比於歐盟第 2271/96 號條例，禁止國內公司遵守那些對國家商業或戰略利益產生不利影響的域外制裁。

The international trading system is increasingly defined by unilateral coercion, prompting India to consider a blocking statute to safeguard its sovereign commercial choices.

國際貿易體系日益被單邊強迫所定義，促使印度考慮採取封鎖法令，以保障其主權商業選擇。