Automated License Plate Recognition (ALPR) technology is increasingly deployed by both state law enforcement and private commercial entities to monitor vehicle movements.

自動車牌識別 (ALPR) 技術正日益被州政府執法部門與私人商業實體部署，用以監控車輛動向。

The technological evolution of surveillance has transitioned from basic plate logging to sophisticated AI-driven systems capable of biometric identification and behavioral profiling. Entities such as Flock Safety, Axon, and Motorola provide infrastructure that enables the creation of detailed movement dossiers. This expansion has prompted varied legislative responses across the United States. For instance, Illinois' Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA) restricts the collection of facial data, while California has formally categorized ALPR data as personal information. Other jurisdictions, such as New Hampshire, have implemented stringent data retention limits, requiring the deletion of non-essential footage within three minutes to prevent the longitudinal tracking of citizens.

監控技術的演進已從基礎的車牌記錄轉向複雜的 AI 驅動系統，能夠進行生物識別與行為分析。如 Flock Safety、Axon 和 Motorola 等實體提供的基礎設施，使得建立詳細的行蹤檔案成為可能。這種擴張促使美國各地的立法回應各異。例如，伊利諾州的《生物識別資訊隱私法》(BIPA) 限制了面部數據的收集，而加州則正式將 ALPR 數據歸類為個人資訊。其他司法管轄區如新罕普莎州則實施了嚴格的數據保留限制，要求在三分鐘內刪除非必要片段，以防止對公民進行長期追蹤。

Furthermore, regulatory frameworks have emerged to restrict the scope of ALPR utility. Certain states limit the application of these tools to high-priority criminal investigations, such as homicides, while others, including Virginia and Illinois, prohibit the transmission of collected data to federal agencies to mitigate the risk of unauthorized surveillance by the Department of Homeland Security or ICE. In Vermont, a rigorous state certification process resulted in the total absence of ALPR usage by law enforcement agencies by 2025. Concurrently, the deployment of AI-equipped drones has led states like Alaska and Texas to mandate judicial warrants prior to surveillance operations, although the efficacy of these mandates is often compromised by legislative loopholes.

此外，監管框架已相繼出現以限制 ALPR 的使用範圍。某些州將這些工具的應用限制在高優先級的刑事調查（如謀殺案），而其他州（包括維吉尼亞州與伊利諾州）則禁止將收集的數據傳輸至聯邦機構，以降低國土安全部或 ICE 進行未經授權監控的風險。在佛蒙特州，嚴格的州政府認證程序導致執法機構在 2025 年前完全停止使用 ALPR。同時，配備 AI 的無人機部署促使阿拉斯加州與德州要求在監控行動前必須取得司法搜查令，儘管這些指令的成效往往受限於法律漏洞。

Parallel to public sector adoption, private retail corporations—including Home Depot, Lowe’s, and Walmart—have integrated ALPR systems to combat asset loss and fraud. These commercial applications present a distinct regulatory challenge, as private entities are not subject to the same oversight mechanisms or accountability standards as government agencies. While these corporations maintain that data is utilized solely for security and not shared with third parties, the integration of these systems with law enforcement databases, as observed in Nevada, facilitates the rapid identification of vehicles linked to criminal activity.

與公共部門的採用平行的是，私人零售公司——包括 Home Depot、Lowe’s 和 Walmart——已整合 ALPR 系統以對抗資產損失與詐欺。這些商業應用帶來了獨特的監管挑戰，因為私人實體無需承受與政府機構相同的監督機制或問責標準。雖然這些公司聲稱數據僅用於安全目的且不與第三方共享，但在內華達州的觀察顯示，這些系統與執法數據庫的整合，有利於快速識別與犯罪活動相關的車輛。

The current landscape is characterized by a tension between the expanding capabilities of AI surveillance and a fragmented patchwork of state-level privacy protections.

目前的局面特點在於 AI 監控能力的擴張，與碎片化的州級隱私保護措施之間存在緊張關係。