Jun 29, 2026, 07:12

Study on Hate Speech Online

網路仇恨言論研究

Introduction

A group of experts is studying how people share hate speech on the internet and in news reports.

一群專家正在研究人們如何在網路及新聞報導中分享仇恨言論。

Main Body

Arsen Ostrovsky was hurt in an attack. Some people used AI to make fake photos of him. They said his injuries were not real. Meta deleted these photos, but X and YouTube did not help.

Arsen Ostrovsky 在一次襲擊中受傷。有些人利用 AI 製作了他的假照片，聲稱他的傷勢並非真實。Meta 刪除了這些照片，但 X 和 YouTube 並未提供協助。

Some companies help the study. Google and TikTok agree to talk. Other companies do not help. X and Telegram did not answer. The boss of Gab said he will not help because he likes free speech.

部分公司協助了這項研究。Google 和 TikTok 同意對話。其他公司則不予協助。X 和 Telegram 沒有回應。Gab 的負責人表示他不會幫忙，因為他支持言論自由。

Online hate is a big problem. Steven Lowy is a businessman. He pays for security because people send him thousands of mean messages. The police are now helping some victims.

網路仇恨是一個巨大的問題。Steven Lowy 是一位商人。由於有人向他發送數千條惡意訊息，他必須花錢聘請安保人員。警方目前正在協助部分受害者。

Conclusion

The experts are working in Sydney now. Next, they will go to Melbourne to study hate in universities.

專家們目前在悉尼工作。接下來，他們將前往墨爾本研究大學內的仇恨問題。

Vocabulary Learning

The 'Who Does What' Pattern

Look at these sentences from the text. They follow a simple path: Person/Company $\rightarrow$ Action $\rightarrow$ Object.

Meta $\rightarrow$ deleted $\rightarrow$ these photos
Google and TikTok $\rightarrow$ agree $\rightarrow$ to talk
The police $\rightarrow$ are helping $\rightarrow$ some victims

Why this matters for A2: To speak English clearly, you don't need fancy words. You just need this sequence. If you change the person, the sentence still works:

$\to$ The teacher $\to$ deleted $\to$ the email $\to$ My friend $\to$ agrees $\to$ to talk

Quick Tip: Action Words (Verbs) In the article, notice how words like deleted, answer, and pays tell us exactly what is happening. To reach A2, focus on these 'action' words to build your sentences.

Vocabulary Learning

experts (n.)

People who know a lot about a subject

Example:The experts are studying how people use the internet.

injuries (n.)

Damage to a person's body

Example:The doctor looked at his injuries after the accident.

deleted (v.)

Removed something, like a photo or text

Example:She deleted the old messages from her phone.

security (n.)

People or systems that keep someone safe

Example:The businessman pays for security to stay safe.

victims (n.)

People who are hurt by a crime or accident

Example:The police are helping the victims of the attack.

Investigation into the Spread of Online Antisemitism and Platform Responsibility

調查網路反猶太主義傳播情況及平台責任

Introduction

The Royal Commission on Antisemitism and Social Cohesion has started its third set of hearings to examine how hate speech is spread through digital and traditional media.

反猶太主義與社會凝聚力皇家委員會已開始第三輪聽證會，旨在研究仇恨言論如何透過數位與傳統媒體傳播。

Main Body

The current phase of the inquiry focuses on how algorithms increase the reach of targeted harassment. Arsen Ostrovsky, a survivor of the December 14, 2025, Bondi Beach attack, testified about the use of AI-generated deepfakes and fake images used to claim his injuries were not real. Mr. Ostrovsky stated that these materials, which called him a 'crisis actor,' spread quickly while he was in the hospital. He emphasized that although Meta removed some content, X and YouTube mostly ignored reports of this misinformation.

目前的調查階段重點在於演算法如何增加針對性騷擾的傳播範圍。2025年12月14日邦迪海灘襲擊案的倖存者 Arsen Ostrovsky 證詞指出，有人利用 AI 生成的深偽技術與假照片，聲稱他的傷勢並非真實。Ostrovsky 先生表示，這些稱他為「危機演員」的資料在他住院期間迅速傳播。他強調，雖然 Meta 刪除了部分內容，但 X 與 YouTube 基本上無視了關於這些錯誤資訊的舉報。

Cooperation from tech companies has been inconsistent. Richard Lancaster SC noted that while Meta, Google, LinkedIn, and TikTok agreed to appear, other companies have been less helpful. X Corp and Telegram have reportedly ignored requests for information, while Reddit and Twitch provided very little data. Furthermore, the US-based platform Gab has been openly hostile; its CEO, Andrew Torba, claimed the commission's requests were an attack on free speech and stated that the company does not recognize the authority of Australian officials.

科技公司的合作程度並不一致。Richard Lancaster SC 指出，雖然 Meta、Google、LinkedIn 與 TikTok 同意出席，但其他公司的協助較少。據報導，X Corp 與 Telegram 無視了提供資訊的要求，而 Reddit 與 Twitch 提供的數據則非常有限。此外，總部位於美國的平台 Gab 表現出明顯的敵意；其執行長 Andrew Torba 聲稱委員會的要求是對言論自由的攻擊，並表示公司不承認澳洲官員的權限。

At the same time, the commission is studying how online hate affects high-profile people. For example, businessman Steven Lowy explained that he needs significant private security to monitor thousands of hostile messages. Additionally, the inquiry found a link between giving testimony and receiving online harassment, which has led to at least one criminal charge filed by the Australian Federal Police.

與此同時，委員會正在研究網路仇恨如何影響高知名度人士。例如，商人 Steven Lowy 解釋，他需要大量私人安保來監控數以千計的敵對訊息。此外，調查發現提供證詞與收到網路騷擾之間存在關聯，這已導致澳洲聯邦警察提出了至少一項刑事指控。

Conclusion

The commission will continue its hearings in Sydney before moving to Melbourne to investigate antisemitism in universities.

委員會將在悉尼繼續舉行聽證會，隨後前往墨爾本調查大學中的反猶太主義問題。

Vocabulary Learning

🚀 The 'Professional Weight' Shift

To move from A2 to B2, you must stop using 'simple' verbs and start using Precise Academic Verbs.

Look at these three examples from the text. An A2 student says the first column; a B2 student says the second.

A2 (Simple/General)	B2 (Precise/Formal)	Context from Text
looked at	examine	"...to examine how hate speech is spread..."
said	testified	"...Arsen Ostrovsky... testified about the use of AI..."
said	emphasized	"He emphasized that although Meta removed..."

💡 Why this matters for your fluency

If you always use say, look, go, and do, you sound like a beginner even if your grammar is perfect. B2 fluency is about nuance.

Examine isn't just 'looking'; it's looking carefully to find a fact.
Testify isn't just 'talking'; it's giving a formal statement in a legal setting.
Emphasize isn't just 'mentioning'; it's making a point stronger.

🛠️ The B2 Upgrade Blueprint

Try replacing these common A2 words in your next writing piece with these 'Power Verbs' found in the article:

Instead of "Give/Show" $\rightarrow$ Use Provide ("...provided very little data")
Instead of "Help" $\rightarrow$ Use Cooperate ("Cooperation from tech companies...")
Instead of "Find/See」 $\rightarrow$ Use Identify/Investigate ("...to investigate antisemitism...")

Pro Tip: When you read an article, don't just look for new nouns. Look for the verbs that describe the action. That is the fastest bridge to a B2 level.

Vocabulary Learning

cohesion (n.)

The action or fact of forming a united whole.

Example:Social cohesion is essential for maintaining peace in a diverse society.

inquiry (n.)

An official investigation to find out the facts about something.

Example:The government launched a public inquiry into the cause of the accident.

harassment (n.)

Aggressive pressure or intimidation of someone.

Example:The company has a zero-tolerance policy regarding workplace harassment.

testified (v.)

Gave a formal statement or evidence in a court of law or official hearing.

Example:The witness testified that she saw the defendant leave the building.

inconsistent (adj.)

Not staying the same throughout; contradictory or varying in quality.

Example:The athlete's performance has been inconsistent this season.

hostile (adj.)

Unfriendly, antagonistic, or showing strong opposition.

Example:The crowd became hostile when the speaker refused to answer questions.

authority (n.)

The power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience.

Example:The police have the authority to arrest people who break the law.

Investigation into Digital Proliferation of Antisemitic Discourse and Platform Accountability

關於反猶太主義言論數位擴散與平台問責之調查

Introduction

The Royal Commission on Antisemitism and Social Cohesion has commenced its third hearing block to examine the dissemination of hate speech via digital and traditional media.

反猶太主義與社會凝聚力皇家委員會已開始第三階段聆訊，以調查透過數位及傳統媒體傳播仇恨言論的情況。

Main Body

The inquiry's current phase focuses on the intersection of algorithmic amplification and targeted harassment. Testimony provided by Arsen Ostrovsky, a survivor of the December 14, 2025, Bondi Beach attack, detailed the emergence of AI-generated deepfakes and manipulated imagery designed to delegitimize his injuries. Mr. Ostrovsky reported that these materials, which characterized him as a 'crisis actor' or an intelligence asset, proliferated during his hospitalization. He further asserted that while Meta implemented content removal, X and YouTube remained largely unresponsive to reports of this disinformation.

本次調查的現階段重點在於演算法放大與針對性騷擾的交集。2025年12月14日邦代海灘襲擊案的倖存者 Arsen Ostrovsky 在證詞中詳細描述了 AI 生成的深偽影片與經操縱的圖像如何被用來否定其傷勢。Ostrovsky 先生報告稱，這些將他描述為「危機演員」或情報人員的素材在其住院期間大量傳播。他進一步主張，雖然 Meta 執行了內容刪除，但 X 和 YouTube 對於此類錯誤資訊的舉報在很大程度上沒有回應。

Institutional cooperation with the commission varies significantly across stakeholders. Counsel assisting Richard Lancaster SC noted that while Meta, Google, LinkedIn, and TikTok have consented to appear, other entities have demonstrated varying degrees of recalcitrance. X Corp and Telegram have reportedly ignored requests for information, while Reddit and Twitch provided limited responses. Notably, the US-based platform Gab has adopted a posture of open hostility; CEO Andrew Torba characterized the commission's requests as a state-sponsored assault on free speech, asserting that the organization does not recognize the jurisdiction of Australian bureaucrats.

機構與委員會的合作程度在各持份者之間差異顯著。協助 Richard Lancaster SC 的法律顧問指出，雖然 Meta、Google、LinkedIn 和 TikTok 已同意出席，但其他實體表現出不同程度的拒絕配合。據報導，X Corp 和 Telegram 忽略了提供資訊的要求，而 Reddit 和 Twitch 則僅提供有限的回應。值得注意的是，總部位於美國的平台 Gab 採取了公開敵對的姿態；執行長 Andrew Torba 將委員會的要求定性為國家贊助的對言論自由的攻擊，並聲稱該組織不承認澳洲官僚的管轄權。

Concurrent with the examination of platform governance, the commission is analyzing the systemic impact of online vitriol on high-profile individuals. Evidence from businessman Steven Lowy indicates a substantial requirement for private security infrastructure to monitor thousands of hostile digital communications. Furthermore, the inquiry has noted a correlation between witness testimony and subsequent online harassment, resulting in at least one criminal charge filed by the Australian Federal Police.

在審視平台治理的同時，委員會正在分析網路惡意言論對高知名度人士的系統性影響。商人 Steven Lowy 提供的證據顯示，需要大量的私人安保基礎設施來監控數千則敵對的數位通訊。此外，調查發現證人證詞與隨後的網路騷擾之間存在關聯，導致澳洲聯邦警察已提出至少一項刑事指控。

Conclusion

The commission continues its evidentiary hearings in Sydney before relocating to Melbourne to investigate antisemitism within academic institutions.

委員會將繼續在悉尼舉行證據聆訊，隨後移師墨爾本調查學術機構內的反猶太主義問題。

Vocabulary Learning

The Architecture of 'Institutional Distancing' and Nominalization

To transition from B2 to C2, a student must move beyond describing actions and begin describing phenomena. The provided text is a masterclass in Nominalization—the process of turning verbs (actions) into nouns (concepts). This is the hallmark of high-level legal, academic, and journalistic English, as it allows the writer to maintain an objective, detached tone while packing dense information into a single clause.

◈ The Shift from Action to State

Compare these two conceptualizations of the same event:

B2 Approach (Action-oriented): Gab is being hostile and refuses to help the commission because they think it's an attack on free speech.
C2 Approach (Nominalized): Gab has adopted a posture of open hostility... characterizing the requests as a state-sponsored assault.

In the C2 version, "hostility" and "assault" are no longer just things someone is doing; they are entities (nouns) that can be "adopted" or "characterized." This creates a psychological distance, shifting the focus from the individual's anger to the strategic nature of their opposition.

◈ Syntactic Density: The 'Noun Phrase' Cascade

Observe the phrase:

"...the intersection of algorithmic amplification and targeted harassment."

A B2 student might say: "Algorithms make hate speech spread faster and people are targeted."

At C2, we employ complex noun phrases. Here, "intersection," "amplification," and "harassment" act as anchors. The adjectives "algorithmic" and "targeted" modify these nouns to create a precise, technical landscape. This allows the author to discuss systemic issues without needing to constantly refer to specific people or actions.

◈ High-Value Lexical Substitutions for C2 Precision

To mirror this style, replace generic verbs with "state-of-being" or "institutional" verbs:

B2 Verb	C2 Institutional Substitute	Contextual Application
Refuse to help	Demonstrate recalcitrance	Used when describing a failure to comply with authority.
Spread	Proliferate	Used for the rapid, organic growth of digital content.
Show/Prove	Evince / Indicate	Used when evidence suggests a pattern rather than a simple fact.
Start/Begin	Commence	Used for formal proceedings or official timelines.

C2 Insight: The goal is not to use "big words," but to use conceptual nouns to frame the narrative. When you stop saying "They are doing X" and start saying "The [Noun] of X is evident," you have entered the realm of C2 mastery.

Vocabulary Learning

proliferation (n.)

The rapid increase in the number or amount of something, especially something harmful.

Example:The proliferation of misinformation on social media has made it difficult for citizens to discern the truth.

dissemination (n.)

The act of spreading information, knowledge, or ideas widely.

Example:The rapid dissemination of the report ensured that the public was aware of the findings within hours.

delegitimize (v.)

To make something seem invalid, unauthorized, or lacking in credibility.

Example:The opposition attempted to delegitimize the election results by claiming the process was flawed.

recalcitrance (n.)

The quality of being stubbornly resistant to authority or control.

Example:The company's recalcitrance during the audit led to a much more severe penalty from the regulators.

jurisdiction (n.)

The official power to make legal decisions and judgments over a specific area or person.

Example:The court ruled that it had no jurisdiction over the crime since it occurred in another country.

vitriol (n.)

Cruel and bitter criticism or language.

Example:The politician's speech was met with a wave of online vitriol from his detractors.

Practice All words in a crossword→