More People in Poland are Unkind to Ukrainians

Jun 30, 2026, 16:05
EuropeSociety
A2

More People in Poland are Unkind to Ukrainians

更多波蘭人對烏克蘭人不友善

Introduction

A new report says that more people in Poland are mean to Ukrainians since early 2025.

一份新報告指出，自 2025 年初以來，波蘭有更多人對烏克蘭人不友善。

Main Body

Two researchers talked to 25 Ukrainians in Poland. Some people are now mean to Ukrainians in real life, not just on the internet.

兩位研究人員訪談了 25 位在波蘭的烏克蘭人。有些人現在在現實生活中對烏克蘭人很不友善，而不僅僅是在網路上。

Some Ukrainians say people are mean because of the 2025 elections. Others say it is because of old problems between the two countries. People are mean on buses and trains when they hear the Ukrainian language.

部分烏克蘭人表示，人們不友善是因為 2025 年的選舉。其他人則認為是因為兩國之間長期存在的問題。當人們在公車和火車上聽到烏克蘭語時，會表現得不友善。

It is also hard for Ukrainians to find houses, doctors, or schools. Some Polish people are worried about jobs and money for refugees. Because of this, they like refugees less than before.

烏克蘭人現在也很難找到房子、醫生或學校。部分波蘭人擔心難民會影響工作機會和資金。因此，他們對難民的好感度比以前降低了。

Conclusion

Ukrainians in Poland face more problems and less kindness from the public.

在波蘭的烏克蘭人面臨更多問題，且大眾對他們的友善程度降低。

Vocabulary Learning

💡 The Power of "Because of"

In this text, we see a pattern used to explain reasons.

The Pattern: Something happens →\rightarrow because of →\rightarrow The Reason (a noun/thing)

Examples from the text:

  • Mean people →\rightarrow because of →\rightarrow the 2025 elections.
  • Mean people →\rightarrow because of →\rightarrow old problems.

Why this helps you reach A2: Beginners usually only use "because" (which needs a full sentence). A2 students use "because of" to connect a feeling or action directly to a thing.

🏠 Useful Group Words (Nouns)

These are common things you need to name in daily life:

  • Houses (Where we live)
  • Doctors (Who helps us when we are sick)
  • Schools (Where we learn)
  • Jobs (How we earn money)

📉 Comparing Now vs. Before

Look at the phrase: "...like refugees less than before."

Use this to show a change: [Action] + less than before →\rightarrow I sleep less than before.

Vocabulary Learning

report (n.)
A piece of writing that gives information about a subject.
Example:I read a report about the weather today.
mean (adj.)
Not kind; behaving badly toward others.
Example:It is not nice to be mean to your classmates.
researchers (n.)
People who study something carefully to find new information.
Example:The researchers are studying how plants grow.
elections (n.)
The process of voting to choose a leader.
Example:The country has elections every four years.
refugees (n.)
People who leave their country because it is dangerous.
Example:The city provides food and clothes for refugees.
face (v.)
To deal with a difficult situation.
Example:Many students face problems when learning a new language.
public (n.)
The people of a community or country.
Example:The park is open to the public.
B2

Analysis of Rising Anti-Ukrainian Sentiment in Poland

波蘭反烏克蘭情緒上升之分析

Introduction

A new report by the Instytut Krytyki Politycznej shows that hostility toward Ukrainian citizens living in Poland has increased since the start of 2025.

政治批判研究所（Instytut Krytyki Politycznej）的一份新報告顯示，自 2025 年初起，波蘭對居住在當地的烏克蘭公民之敵意有所增加。

Main Body

The report, titled 'We Are Not at Home: Ukrainian Migrants and Refugees on Relations with Poles,' was written by sociologist Przemyslaw Sadura and researcher Olena Babakova. The authors based their findings on detailed interviews with 25 Ukrainians, including both new refugees and long-term workers. The data suggests that anti-Ukrainian comments have moved from social media and the internet into real-life daily interactions.

這份名為《我們不在家：烏克蘭移民與難民與波蘭人的關係》的報告，是由社會學家 Przemyslaw Sadura 與研究員 Olena Babakova 撰寫的。作者將研究結果基於對 25 位烏克蘭人（包括新來的難民與長期工作者）的詳細訪談。數據顯示，反烏克蘭的言論已經從社交媒體與網路，延伸到現實生活的日常互動中。

Many participants emphasized that this change was caused by the 2025 presidential election cycle, whereas others argued that the tensions are based on long-term historical conflicts. This hostility appears in two different ways. For example, open discrimination often happens on public transport and is usually triggered by the Ukrainian language or accent. Furthermore, more subtle forms of exclusion have been reported in healthcare, universities, and the rental housing market.

許多參與者強調，這種轉變是由 2025 年總統選舉週期引起的，而其他人則認為緊張局勢是基於長期的歷史衝突。這種敵意以兩種不同的方式出現。例如，公開的歧視經常發生在公共交通工具上，通常是由烏克蘭語或口音所觸發。此外，醫療保健、大學與租賃房屋市場中也被報導出現了更隱晦的排斥形式。

Although most Polish people still generally support Ukraine, recent polls show that sympathy for refugees is gradually decreasing. This decline is likely linked to concerns about competition in the job market and the distribution of social welfare benefits. Consequently, these economic and historical issues prevent a full social and diplomatic reconciliation.

雖然大多數波蘭人基本上仍然支持烏克蘭，但近期的民調顯示，對難民的同情心正逐漸下降。這種下降可能與對就業市場競爭以及社會福利分配的擔憂有關。因此，這些經濟與歷史問題阻礙了全面的社會與外交和解。

Conclusion

Ukrainian residents in Poland are facing an increase in both open and systemic discrimination, which coincides with a general drop in public sympathy.

居住在波蘭的烏克蘭人正面對公開與系統性歧視的增加，而這正好與公眾同情心的全面下降相吻合。

Vocabulary Learning

💡 The 'B2 Logic' Jump: From Simple Facts to Complex Connections

At the A2 level, you describe what happened. To reach B2, you must describe how and why things are connected. The secret is moving away from simple words like "and" or "but" and using Logical Connectors.

🔗 The 'Cause & Effect' Upgrade

Look at these transitions from the text. They don't just give information; they build a bridge between two ideas:

  • "Whereas" →\rightarrow Use this instead of "but" when comparing two different opinions.
    • Example: "Some people like the city, whereas others prefer the countryside."
  • "Consequently" →\rightarrow Use this instead of "so" to sound more professional and academic.
    • Example: "The company lost money; consequently, they cut the budget."
  • "Likely linked to" →\rightarrow This is a B2 powerhouse phrase. Instead of saying "I think X caused Y," use this to suggest a relationship between two trends.
    • Example: "The rise in prices is likely linked to the fuel shortage."

🛠️ Vocabulary Shift: Precision over Simplicity

B2 students stop using generic words like "bad" or "big" and use specific descriptors. Notice the a-to-b shift in this article:

A2 Word (Too Simple)B2 Word (From Text)Why it's better
Hate / AngerHostilityDescribes a state of enmity, not just a feeling.
Small / HiddenSubtleDescribes things that are not obvious.
Happen at the same timeCoincides withShows a precise chronological connection.

🚀 Pro Tip for Fluency

Stop writing sentences as isolated islands. Use the "Furthermore" technique to stack your arguments. When you provide one reason, add "Furthermore..." to introduce a second, stronger point. This creates the "flow" that examiners look for in B2 certifications.

Vocabulary Learning

hostility (n.)
Unfriendly or aggressive behavior toward someone.
Example:The refugees faced unexpected hostility from some local residents.
emphasized (v.)
To give special importance or prominence to something in speaking or writing.
Example:The professor emphasized the importance of citing sources in the research paper.
discrimination (n.)
The unfair treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex.
Example:The company was accused of age discrimination during the hiring process.
triggered (v.)
To cause something to happen, especially a sudden or strong reaction.
Example:The loud noise triggered a panic among the crowd.
subtle (adj.)
Not obvious or apparent; difficult to detect or describe.
Example:There was a subtle difference in the flavor of the two wines.
exclusion (n.)
The act of preventing someone from participating in an activity or being part of a group.
Example:Social exclusion can lead to feelings of isolation and depression.
distribution (n.)
The action of sharing something out among a number of recipients.
Example:The government managed the distribution of emergency food supplies.
reconciliation (n.)
The restoration of friendly relations after a conflict.
Example:The two countries are working toward a diplomatic reconciliation after years of war.
systemic (adj.)
Relating to a system as a whole rather than a particular part.
Example:The report highlighted systemic failures within the healthcare administration.
coincides (v.)
To happen at the same time as something else.
Example:The publication of the book coincides with the author's 50th birthday.
C2

Analysis of Escalating Anti-Ukrainian Sentiment within the Polish State.

分析波蘭國內日益升溫的反烏克蘭情緒

Introduction

A report by the Instytut Krytyki Politycznej indicates an increase in hostility toward Ukrainian nationals residing in Poland since the beginning of 2025.

政治批評研究所（Instytut Krytyki Politycznej）的一份報告指出，自 2025 年初以來，波蘭對居住在當地的烏克蘭國民敵意有所增加。

Main Body

The publication, titled 'We Are Not at Home: Ukrainian Migrants and Refugees on Relations with Poles,' was co-authored by sociologist Przemyslaw Sadura and researcher Olena Babakova. The findings are derived from qualitative data gathered via in-depth interviews with 25 Ukrainian subjects, encompassing both recent refugees and long-term labor migrants, including those possessing Polish citizenship. The data suggests a transition of anti-Ukrainian discourse from digital platforms to tangible manifestations in daily interpersonal interactions.

這篇名為《我們不在家：烏克蘭移民與難民與波蘭人的關係》的出版物，是由社會學家 Przemyslaw Sadura 與研究員 Olena Babakova 共同撰寫。研究結果源於對 25 位烏克蘭受訪者進行的深度訪談質性數據，涵蓋近期難民與長期勞工移民，包括持有波蘭公民身份者。數據顯示，反烏克蘭的論調正從數位平台轉移到日常人際互動的實際表現中。

Regarding the temporal catalysts for this shift, a significant proportion of respondents attributed the visibility of such rhetoric to the 2025 presidential election cycle, although a subset of interviewees posited that bilateral tensions are rooted in enduring historical frictions. The manifestation of this sentiment is characterized by a dichotomy between overt and covert discrimination. Overt hostility, frequently triggered by linguistic markers or accents, is most prevalent in public transit environments. Conversely, more nuanced systemic exclusions were reported within the sectors of healthcare, academia, and the residential rental market.

關於此次轉變的時間觸發因素，很大比例的受訪者將此類言論的顯現歸因於 2025 年總統選舉週期，儘管部分受訪者認為雙邊緊張關係根植於長期的歷史摩擦。這種情緒的表現特徵為公開與隱蔽歧視之間的對立。公開的敵意通常由語言標記或口音觸發，在公共運輸環境中最為普遍。相反，在醫療保健、學術界及住宅租賃市場中，則報告了更微妙的系統性排擠。

This sociological trend occurs despite a general baseline of public support for Ukraine. However, longitudinal polling indicates a progressive erosion of sympathy toward refugees. This decline is ostensibly linked to perceived competition within the labor market, the allocation of social welfare benefits, and unresolved historical disputes, which preclude a complete diplomatic and social rapprochement.

儘管大眾對烏克蘭仍有普遍的基本支持，但此社會趨勢依然發生。然而，長期民調顯示，對難民的同情心正逐漸侵蝕。這種下降顯然與勞動力市場的競爭感知、社會福利分配以及未解決的歷史爭端有關，這些因素阻礙了外交與社會的完全和解。

Conclusion

Ukrainian residents in Poland are experiencing a rise in both overt and systemic discrimination, coinciding with a general decline in public sympathy.

居住在波蘭的烏克蘭人正經歷公開與系統性歧視的增加，同時大眾的同情心亦普遍下降。

Vocabulary Learning

The Architecture of Nominalization & Latinate Density

To bridge the chasm between B2 (competent communication) and C2 (academic mastery), a student must pivot from action-oriented prose to concept-oriented prose. This article is a masterclass in Nominalization—the linguistic process of turning verbs (actions) and adjectives (qualities) into nouns (concepts).

🔍 The C2 Pivot: From Process to Entity

Observe how the text avoids simple narrative descriptions in favor of abstract nouns. This creates an 'objective' distance characteristic of high-level sociological discourse.

  • B2 Approach: The way people talk about Ukrainians is moving from the internet to real-life interactions.
  • C2 Execution: *"...a transition of anti-Ukrainian discourse from digital platforms to tangible manifestations..."

Analysis: The action (moving) becomes a noun (transition). The result (showing up) becomes a noun (manifestations). This allows the writer to treat a complex social process as a single, manipulatable object.

⚡ Precision via 'Hedge' and 'Nuance' Vocabulary

C2 proficiency is not about using the biggest word, but the most precise instrument. Note the deployment of specific Latinate terms that delineate exact types of social friction:

  1. Dichotomy →\rightarrow Not just a 'difference,' but a division between two mutually exclusive or contradictory groups (Overt vs. Covert).
  2. Rapprochement →\rightarrow A highly specific term for the re-establishment of cordial relations between nations. Using 'improvement' here would be a B2 error of imprecision.
  3. Longitudinal →\rightarrow A technical term borrowed from statistics, implying data collected over a period of time, rather than a one-off snapshot.

🛠 Stylistic Synthesis: The 'Density' Formula

To replicate this level of writing, employ the Noun + Prepositional Phrase chain. Instead of using multiple clauses with 'because' or 'which,' compress the logic into a dense noun phrase:

"...the allocation of social welfare benefits... which preclude a complete diplomatic and social rapprochement."

The Logic: [Noun: Allocation] →\rightarrow [Modifier: Social Welfare] →\rightarrow [Verb: Preclude] →\rightarrow [Complex Object: Diplomatic Rapprochement].

By treating the 'allocation of benefits' as the subject, the writer removes the need for human agents (e.g., "The government gives benefits, and this stops the countries from getting along"), resulting in a tone of authoritative, scholarly detachment.

Vocabulary Learning

encompassing (v.)
Including or containing a wide range of different elements.
Example:The study was comprehensive, encompassing participants from various socioeconomic backgrounds.
catalysts (n.)
Events or people that cause a change or action to happen more quickly.
Example:The sudden economic downturn acted as a catalyst for the government's policy shift.
posited (v.)
Put forward as a basis of argument; suggested as a fact.
Example:The researchers posited that the increase in temperature would lead to higher crop yields.
dichotomy (n.)
A division or contrast between two things that are represented as being opposite or entirely different.
Example:There is often a rigid dichotomy between theoretical knowledge and practical application.
nuanced (adj.)
Characterized by subtle differences in meaning, expression, or response.
Example:The critic provided a nuanced analysis of the film, acknowledging both its flaws and its brilliance.
longitudinal (adj.)
Relating to a study that observes the same variables over a long period of time.
Example:Longitudinal research is essential for understanding how childhood trauma affects adult behavior.
ostensibly (adv.)
Apparently or purportedly, but perhaps not actually.
Example:He visited the city ostensibly for business, but he actually wanted to visit his family.
preclude (v.)
Prevent from happening; make impossible.
Example:The current legal restrictions preclude the company from expanding into the European market.
rapprochement (n.)
An establishment of harmonious relations between two countries or groups that were previously hostile.
Example:The signing of the trade agreement marked a significant rapprochement between the two warring nations.
Practice All words in a crossword→