Hate Speech on the Internet
Hate Speech on the Internet
網路仇恨言論
Introduction
A group of experts is studying hate speech against Jewish people on social media. They want to see if websites stop this hate.
一群專家正在研究社群媒體上針對猶太人的仇恨言論。他們想看看網站是否阻止了這種仇恨行為。
Main Body
Some people use secret words and pictures. They do this to hide hate speech from the websites. Hate speech increases when there are wars in other countries.
有些人會使用秘密詞彙和圖片。他們這樣做是為了躲避網站對仇恨言論的偵測。當其他國家發生戰爭時，仇恨言論會增加。
Different websites remove hate speech at different speeds. TikTok and Meta remove many bad posts. X and Reddit remove very few. Elon Musk bought X and fired many safety workers. Now, more bad users are on X.
不同網站刪除仇恨言論的速度不同。TikTok 和 Meta 刪除了許多不良貼文，而 X 和 Reddit 刪除的則非常少。Elon Musk 收購 X 後解僱了許多安全人員，現在 X 上有更多惡劣用戶。
Professor Terry Flew says websites cannot police themselves. He wants a new law. This law will force websites to keep people safe.
Terry Flew 教授表示，網站無法自我监管。他希望制定新法律，透過法律強制網站保障用戶安全。
Conclusion
The group will talk to the police and other leaders soon. They want to make society safer.
該團隊很快將與警方和其他領導者進行協商，他們希望讓社會變得更安全。
Vocabulary Learning
⚡ The "Action" Pattern
In this text, we see how to describe things happening right now. Notice how the words change based on who does the action.
1. The Regular Way (General Facts)
- Experts study → (They do it regularly)
- Websites remove → (This is their job)
- People use → (This is a common habit)
2. The Special Change (He/She/It) When only one person or thing does the action, we add an -s:
- Hate speech increases (It increases)
- Law forces (It forces)
3. The "No-Go" Zone (Negative) To say something does NOT happen, use cannot or do not:
- Websites cannot police themselves.
- Websites do not stop hate (implied).
Quick Tip for A2: If you are talking about one thing (The site, The man, The law), remember the -s at the end of the action word!
Example: The site removes posts.
Vocabulary Learning
Investigation into Online Antisemitism and Social Media Management
關於網路反猶太主義與社交媒體管理的調查
Introduction
The Royal Commission on Antisemitism and Social Cohesion is currently examining the increase of anti-Jewish content on social media and whether platform moderation strategies are actually working.
反猶太主義與社會凝聚力皇家委員會目前正在調查社交媒體上反猶太內容增加的情況，以及平台的審核策略是否真正有效。
Main Body
Hannah Rose from the Institute for Strategic Dialogue explained that extremists are using more advanced methods to spread hate speech. They are using coded language, numbers, and memes to avoid being caught by automated filters. This means only people with specific knowledge can understand the messages, allowing extremists to stay active without being detected. Furthermore, data shows that global conflicts lead to more hate speech; for example, antisemitic content on YouTube increased 51 times after the October 7, 2023 attacks. Similar spikes occurred in Australia in 2025 following military actions involving Iran and the US, as well as after the death of Charlie Kirk, which caused several conspiracy theories to spread.
來自策略對話研究所 (Institute for Strategic Dialogue) 的 Hannah Rose 解釋，極端分子正使用更高級的手法來散播仇恨言論。他們使用加密語言、數字和迷因 (meme) 以避開自動篩選系統。這意味著只有具備特定知識的人才能理解這些訊息，使極端分子能在不被發現的情況下保持活躍。此外，數據顯示全球衝突會導致更多仇恨言論；例如，在 2023 年 10 月 7 日的襲擊後，YouTube 上的反猶太內容增加了 51 倍。2025 年在涉及伊朗與美國的軍事行動後，澳洲也出現了類似的激增，而 Charlie Kirk 去世後也導致了多種陰謀論的傳播。
Additionally, Andre Oboler from the Online Hate Prevention Institute compared how different platforms handle reported content. He noted that TikTok removed 64% of reported videos and Meta removed 54% of Facebook posts, whereas X removed only 24% and Reddit removed 17%. Dr. Oboler emphasized that X's poor performance is due to Elon Musk's 2022 takeover, which led to the firing of 80% of safety staff and a move toward absolute free speech. He asserted that this change allowed banned users to return and claimed that Mr. Musk has personally promoted antisemitic ideas.
此外，來自網路仇恨防治研究所 (Online Hate Prevention Institute) 的 Andre Oboler 比較了不同平台處理舉報內容的情況。他指出 TikTok 刪除了 64% 的舉報影片，Meta 刪除了 54% 的 Facebook 貼文，而 X 僅刪除了 24%，Reddit 則僅刪除了 17%。Oboler 博士強調，X 的表現不佳是由於 Elon Musk 在 2022 年接管後，解雇了 80% 的安全人員，並轉向追求絕對的言論自由。他斷言這一改變讓被封鎖的用戶得以回歸，並聲稱 Musk 先生親自宣揚反猶太思想。
Finally, Professor Terry Flew argued that letting companies regulate themselves is not enough. He proposed a federal 'digital duty of care' law, which would create legal requirements for platforms to be held accountable and ensure that safety rules are followed.
最後，Terry Flew 教授認為，讓公司自我監管是不夠的。他建議制定聯邦級的「數位關懷責任」(digital duty of care) 法律，旨在建立法律要求以追究平台的責任，並確保安全準則得到執行。
Conclusion
The inquiry will continue with further testimony from the Jewish Council of Australia, the eSafety Commissioner, and police representatives to better understand how digital platforms affect social harmony.
調查將繼續進行，將聽取澳洲猶太議會、電子安全專員以及警方代表的進一步證詞，以更深入了解數位平台如何影響社會和諧。
Vocabulary Learning
🚀 The 'Complexity Jump': From Simple Facts to Formal Arguments
At the A2 level, you describe things: "Elon Musk bought X. He fired people." To reach B2, you must connect ideas to show cause, effect, and contrast. This is the difference between speaking like a student and speaking like a professional.
🧩 The "B2 Connector" Toolkit
Look at how the article moves from one idea to another. Instead of using "and" or "but," it uses Advanced Transition Markers:
- "Furthermore" Use this when you want to add a second, stronger point to your argument. (Better than "also").
- "Whereas" This is a power-word for B2. It allows you to compare two different things in one single sentence.
- Example: "TikTok removed 64% of videos, whereas X removed only 24%."
- "Due to" Use this to explain the reason for a situation. (Better than "because").
🛠️ Upgrading Your Vocabulary: 'Weak' vs. 'Strong' Verbs
B2 students stop using generic verbs like say or think. They use Reporting Verbs that tell us the intention of the speaker:
| A2 Word (Simple) | B2 Word (Precise) | Meaning in this Context |
|---|---|---|
| Said | Asserted | To say something with strong confidence. |
| Suggested | Proposed | To put forward a formal plan or law. |
| Explained | Emphasized | To show that a specific point is very important. |
💡 Pro Tip for Fluency
Notice the phrase "held accountable." This is a colocation (words that naturally go together). In B2 English, we don't just say "make them pay" or "punish them"; we say they must be held accountable for their actions. Start collecting these "word pairs" to sound more natural!
Vocabulary Learning
Examination of Digital Antisemitism and Platform Governance within the Royal Commission on Antisemitism and Social Cohesion
反猶太主義與社會凝聚力皇家委員會對數位反猶太主義及平台治理之審查
Introduction
The Royal Commission on Antisemitism and Social Cohesion is currently evaluating the proliferation of anti-Jewish content on social media and the efficacy of platform moderation strategies.
反猶太主義與社會凝聚力皇家委員會目前正在評估社群媒體上反猶太內容的激增，以及平台審核策略的成效。
Main Body
Testimony provided by Hannah Rose of the Institute for Strategic Dialogue indicates a sophisticated evolution in the dissemination of antisemitic material. Extremist actors are reportedly employing coded lexicons, numerical substitutions, and memes to bypass automated moderation systems. Such semiotic shifts render the content accessible primarily to those possessing specific contextual knowledge, thereby allowing extremists to operate beneath the threshold of platform detection. Data suggests a significant correlation between geopolitical volatility and the volume of hate speech; specifically, a 51-fold increase in antisemitic content on YouTube was observed following the October 7, 2023, attacks. Further spikes in Australian user activity were noted in June 2025, coinciding with Israeli military actions against Iranian facilities and subsequent US involvement, as well as in September 2025 following the death of Charlie Kirk, which precipitated conspiracy theories regarding Israeli involvement.
戰略對話研究所 (Institute for Strategic Dialogue) 的 Hannah Rose 提供的證詞指出，傳播反猶太素材的手法已演變得十分複雜。據報導，極端分子正利用加密詞彙、數字替代和迷因 (meme) 來規避自動審核系統。這種符號學上的轉變，使得內容主要僅能被擁有特定背景知識的人理解，從而允許極端分子在平台的偵測閾值之下活動。數據顯示，地緣政治動盪與仇恨言論的數量之間存在顯著相關性；具體而言，在 2023 年 10 月 7 日的襲擊後，YouTube 上的反猶太內容增加了 51 倍。此外，在 2025 年 6 月，適逢以色列軍方攻擊伊朗設施及隨後美國介入，澳洲用戶的活動亦出現飆升；而在 2025 年 9 月 Charlie Kirk 去世後亦有飆升，當時引發了關於以色列牽涉其中的陰謀論。
Concurrent with these findings, the Online Hate Prevention Institute, represented by Andre Oboler, provided a comparative analysis of platform responsiveness. The data reveals a disparity in content removal rates: TikTok removed 64% of reported videos and Meta removed 54% of reported Facebook posts, whereas X removed only 24% of flagged content and Reddit removed 17%. Dr. Oboler attributed the diminished efficacy of X to the 2022 acquisition by Elon Musk, which resulted in the termination of approximately 80% of trust and safety personnel and a shift toward an absolute free speech philosophy. This transition allegedly facilitated the reinstatement of previously banned problematic users. Furthermore, Dr. Oboler asserted that Mr. Musk has personally amplified antisemitic narratives and cited a gesture made during a January 2025 inauguration event as problematic, though interpretations of the gesture vary between a Nazi and a Roman salute.
與這些發現同時，由 Andre Oboler 代表的網路仇恨防治研究所 (Online Hate Prevention Institute) 提供了關於平台反應的對比分析。數據揭示了內容刪除率的差異：TikTok 刪除了 64% 被舉報的影片，Meta 刪除了 54% 被舉報的 Facebook 貼文，而 X 僅刪除了 24% 的標記內容，Reddit 則僅刪除了 17%。Oboler 博士將 X 成效下降的原因歸咎於 2022 年 Elon Musk 的收購，導致約 80% 的信任與安全人員被解雇，並轉向一種絕對言論自由的理念。據稱這次轉型促進了先前被封禁的問題用戶恢復帳號。此外，Oboler 博士斷言 Musk 先生親自擴大了反猶太敘事，並指出 2025 年 1 月就職典禮上的一個手勢存在問題，儘管對該手勢的解釋在納粹禮與羅馬禮之間存在分歧。
Regarding regulatory frameworks, Professor Terry Flew argued that the current reliance on corporate self-regulation is insufficient. He proposed that the implementation of a federal 'digital duty of care' act would provide the necessary legal mechanisms to enforce platform accountability, mitigating the risk that safety guidelines are disregarded by service providers.
關於監管框架，Terry Flew 教授認為目前依賴企業自我監管是不夠的。他建議實施聯邦級別的「數位關懷責任」(digital duty of care) 法案，將提供必要的法律機制以強制執行平台問責，降低服務供應商忽視安全指南的風險。
Conclusion
The inquiry continues with scheduled testimonies from the Jewish Council of Australia, the eSafety Commissioner, and federal and state police representatives to further assess the intersection of digital platforms and social cohesion.
調查將繼續進行，預計將由澳洲猶太議會、eSafety 專員以及聯邦與州警察代表提供證詞，以進一步評估數位平台與社會凝聚力之間的交集。
Vocabulary Learning
🔀 The Architecture of 'Nominalization' and 'Academic Density'
To transition from B2 to C2, a student must move beyond describing actions and start conceptualizing them. This text is a masterclass in Nominalization—the process of turning verbs (actions) or adjectives (qualities) into nouns to create a higher density of information and a detached, authoritative tone.
🔍 The C2 Linguistic Pivot
Observe the difference between a B2-style sentence and the C2-level synthesis found in the text:
- B2 Approach (Verb-centric): Extremists are changing their signs and using codes so that automated systems cannot find them.
- C2 Approach (Noun-centric): *"Such semiotic shifts render the content accessible primarily to those possessing specific contextual knowledge..."
What happened here?
- "Changing their signs" "Semiotic shifts". (A specific, academic term replacing a general action).
- "Cannot find them" "Beneath the threshold of platform detection". (The action of 'finding' is transformed into a noun phrase 'threshold of detection').
🧬 Dissecting the 'Density' Mechanism
C2 English utilizes Complex Noun Phrases to pack an entire argument into a single subject. Analyze this phrase from the text:
*"...the implementation of a federal 'digital duty of care' act..."
If we unpack this, we find four layers of conceptualization:
By grouping these, the writer avoids the clunky B2 phrasing: "If the government makes a law that says platforms must take care of people digitally..."
🛠️ The 'C2 Blueprint' for Synthesis
To replicate this, stop using verbs to drive your sentences. Instead, use the [Abstract Noun] + [Prepositional Phrase] formula:
| B2 Phrasing (Action) | C2 Nominalization (Concept) | Article Example |
|---|---|---|
| Because the world is volatile... | Geopolitical volatility | "correlation between geopolitical volatility and..." |
| The way platforms respond... | Platform responsiveness | "comparative analysis of platform responsiveness" |
| How they spread hate... | The dissemination of material | "evolution in the dissemination of..." |
Mastery Tip: When writing at a C2 level, identify your primary verb and ask: "Can I turn this action into a noun to make the sentence feel more like a conceptual analysis and less like a story?"