Scientists studied bumblebees. They wanted to know if bees like or dislike things.

科學家研究了熊蜂，想知道蜜蜂是否喜歡或不喜歡某些東西。

The scientists watched bees eat different things. The bees liked sugar. They did not like salt. They shook their heads when they tasted salt.

科學家觀察蜜蜂食用不同的東西。蜜蜂喜歡糖，但不喜歡鹽。當牠們嚐到鹽時，會搖頭。

Then the scientists made the bees hot. The hot bees liked the salt water. This shows that bees change their minds when their bodies need something.

接著科學家讓蜜蜂處於高溫環境。發熱的蜜蜂反而喜歡鹽水。這顯示當蜜蜂身體有需求時，牠們會改變主意。

The scientists used special chemicals. Some chemicals made the bees want food. Other chemicals made the bees feel happy. This means bees feel pleasure.

科學家使用了特殊的化學物質。有些化學物質讓蜜蜂想要食物，有些則讓蜜蜂感到快樂。這意味著蜜蜂能感受到快感。

The study shows that bees have their own feelings. They are not like robots.

研究顯示蜜蜂有自己的感情，不像機器人。

Researchers have carried out a series of experiments to find out if bumblebees have internal emotional states, specifically the ability to like or dislike certain things.

研究人員進行了一系列實驗，以確定大黃蜂是否具有內在的情緒狀態，特別是喜歡或厭惡某些事物的能力。

The study, a collaboration between Macquarie University and Southern Medical University, used high-quality video to analyze how buff-tailed bumblebees reacted to different chemical liquids. The researchers noticed that when bees tasted sugar water, they extended their tongues, which indicated a positive feeling. In contrast, they shook their heads and wiped their mouths when they tasted salt or quinine. To make sure these were not just automatic reflexes, the team changed the conditions. For example, when bees were dehydrated due to heat stress, they reacted positively to salty solutions that they usually disliked. This suggests that a bee's internal physical needs change how it evaluates external stimuli.

這項研究由麥覺禮大學與南方醫科大學合作，利用高品質影片分析大黃蜂對不同化學液體的反應。研究人員發現，當蜜蜂品嚐糖水時，牠們會伸出舌頭，這顯示出正面感受。相反地，當品嚐到鹽或奎寧時，牠們會搖頭並擦拭口部。為了確保這些並非僅是自動反射，團隊改變了實驗條件。例如，當蜜蜂因熱壓力而脫水時，牠們對平時厭惡的鹽溶液反而產生正面反應。這表明蜜蜂的內在生理需求會改變其對外部刺激的評估。

Furthermore, the team used different chemicals to see the difference between 'wanting' something and 'liking' it. They found that dopamine, which usually drives motivation in mammals, did not increase the positive tongue responses. However, endocannabinoids, which are linked to the pleasure of a reward, did increase these responses. This difference suggests that the drive to get a resource is separate from the pleasure gained from it. While some experts, such as Ralph Adolphs, argue that these are 'bee emotions' rather than human-like emotions, the findings support a growing scientific view that insects are sentient rather than just robotic machines.

此外，團隊使用不同的化學物質來區分「想要」某物與「喜歡」某物之間的差異。他們發現多巴胺（通常驅動哺乳動物的動力）並未增加正面的伸舌反應。然而，與獎勵快感相關的內源性大麻素確實增加了這些反應。這種差異表明，獲取資源的驅動力與從中獲得的快感是分開的。雖然有些專家（如 Ralph Adolphs）認為這些是「蜜蜂情緒」而非類人情緒，但研究結果支持了日益增長的科學觀點，即昆蟲具有感知能力，而非僅僅是機械化的機器。

The study shows that bumblebees have flexible responses based on their situation, which suggests they have their own internal subjective experiences.

研究顯示大黃蜂會根據情況做出靈活反應，這表明牠們具有自己的內在主觀體驗。

Researchers have conducted a series of experiments to determine if bumblebees possess internal emotional states, specifically the capacity for liking and disliking stimuli.

研究人員進行了一系列實驗，以確定熊蜂是否具有內部情感狀態，特別是對於刺激物產生「喜歡」與「厭惡」的能力。

The investigation, a collaboration between Macquarie University and Southern Medical University, utilized high-resolution videography to analyze the behavioral responses of buff-tailed bumblebees to various chemical solutions. The researchers observed that the protrusion of the glossa following the consumption of sucrose indicated a positive affective state, whereas the shaking of the head and wiping of mouthparts occurred in response to salt and quinine. To ensure these behaviors were not merely reflexive, the team implemented a variable-context framework. Specifically, the administration of heat stress to induce dehydration resulted in a behavioral shift, wherein salty solutions—previously viewed with aversion—elicited positive glossa protrusions, suggesting that internal physiological requirements modulate the evaluation of external stimuli.

本次研究由麥覺理大學與南方醫科大學合作完成，利用高解析度錄像分析歐洲熊蜂對各種化學溶液的行為反應。研究人員觀察到，在食用蔗糖後，熊蜂伸出舌管（glossa）的行為顯示出正向的情感狀態；而面對鹽分與奎寧時，則會出現搖頭與擦拭口器的反應。為了確保這些行為並非單純的反射作用，研究團隊實施了一套變量情境框架。具體而言，透過熱壓力誘導脫水導致行為轉變，原本引起厭惡的鹽溶液反而激發了正向的舌管伸出反應，這表明內部生理需求會調節對外部刺激的評價。

Further pharmacological interventions were employed to disentangle 'wanting' from 'liking.' The administration of dopamine, which correlates with motivational drive in mammals, did not increase glossa protrusions. Conversely, the application of endocannabinoids, associated with the hedonic experience of reward in mammals, resulted in an increase in these protrusions. This divergence suggests a distinction between the drive to acquire a resource and the subjective pleasure derived from it. While some scholars, such as Ralph Adolphs, posit that these responses constitute 'bee emotions' rather than mammalian-equivalent emotions, the findings contribute to a broader scientific shift toward recognizing insect sentience over a purely mechanistic, robotic model of behavior.

研究 further 採用了藥理干預以區分「想要」與「喜歡」。多巴胺在哺乳類動物中與動力驅動相關，但注射多巴胺並未增加舌管伸出的次數。相反，應用與哺乳類動物獎賞快感相關的內源性大麻素後，舌管伸出次數有所增加。這種分歧表明，獲取資源的驅動力與從中獲得的主觀快感之間存在區別。雖然部分學者（如 Ralph Adolphs）認為這些反應構成的是「蜜蜂情感」而非等同於哺乳類的情感，但這些發現促使科學界向承認昆蟲具有感知能力的方向轉型，而非僅將其視為純粹的機械化行為模型。

The study indicates that bumblebees exhibit flexible, context-dependent responses to stimuli, suggesting the existence of an internal subjective experience.

研究顯示熊蜂對刺激物展現出靈活且依賴情境的反應，暗示其存在內部的主觀體驗。