New Court for Russian Leaders

🚩 THE 'ACTION' LIST

Look at how we describe people doing things in this text. To reach A2, you need to connect a person to an action.

1. The Simple Pattern Person $\rightarrow$ Action $\rightarrow$ Thing

• Countries $\rightarrow$ want $\rightarrow$ a court
• Ministers $\rightarrow$ made $\rightarrow$ a plan
• EU $\rightarrow$ will give $\rightarrow$ money

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🕒 NOW vs. LATER

Notice how the words change when we talk about the future (things that haven't happened yet).

Now/General	Future (Coming Soon)
They pick	They will pick
The court starts	The court will start

Quick Tip: Just put "will" before the action to move it into the future. Simple!

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📦 USEFUL WORD GROUPS

Instead of learning one word, learn the 'job' group:

• President $\rightarrow$ Top leader
• Prime Minister $\rightarrow$ Top leader
• Foreign Minister $\rightarrow$ Top leader
• Judge $\rightarrow$ Court person

⚡ The 'B2 Leap': Moving from Simple Actions to Complex Systems

At the A2 level, you describe what happened. At the B2 level, you describe how things are organized and why they function that way.

Look at this sentence from the text:

"They approved a resolution to create a management committee, which will be responsible for approving the budget..."

🛠️ The Power Move: "Responsible for + [Verb]-ing"

Instead of saying "Their job is to..." (A2), B2 students use Responsible for.

The Rule: When you use responsible for, the word that follows must be a Noun or a Gerund (the -ing form). You cannot use an infinitive (to do).

• ❌ Wrong: He is responsible for to pay the bills.
• ✅ Correct: He is responsible for paying the bills.

🚀 Practical Application (From the text to your life)

The Article's Logic:

• Management Committee $\rightarrow$ responsible for $\rightarrow$ approving (budget), setting (rules), appointing (judges).

Your Transition: Start replacing "I have to..." or "My job is..." with this structure to sound more professional and fluent:

1. Work: "I am responsible for managing the team."
2. Home: "My partner is responsible for cleaning the kitchen."
3. Study: "The teacher is responsible for grading the exams."

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🔍 Bonus: The 'Legal Gap' Concept

Notice the phrase "legal gap." This is a compound noun (Adjective + Noun). B2 fluency involves using these clusters to summarize complex ideas quickly. Instead of saying "a problem where the law is missing something," just say "a legal gap."

Try using these B2-style clusters:

• Funding gap (not enough money)
• Knowledge gap (something you don't know yet)

⚖️ The Architecture of Precision: Nominalization and Legalistic Density

To move from B2 to C2, a student must transition from describing actions to conceptualizing states. The provided text is a masterclass in High-Density Nominalization—the process of turning verbs (actions) into nouns (concepts) to achieve an objective, authoritative, and impersonal tone.

🔍 The 'Lacuna' of Meaning

Observe the phrase: "...address a jurisdictional lacuna within the International Criminal Court."

At a B2 level, a writer might say: "The ICC has a gap in its rules, so it cannot judge this case."

C2 Analysis: The author replaces the verb "have a gap" with the noun "lacuna." This isn't just about using a 'fancy word'; it is about shifting the focus from the act of missing to the existence of a void. This allows the writer to treat a complex legal failure as a tangible object that can be "addressed."

🛠️ Deconstructing the "Action-to-Entity" Shift

Look at how the text transforms dynamic processes into static institutional frameworks:

B2 Dynamic Approach (Verbal)	C2 Conceptual Approach (Nominal)	Linguistic Effect
They formalized the initiative.	The initiative was formalized...	Shifts focus to the status of the project.
They need to get funding.	...the securement of sustained funding.	Transforms a need into a requirement.
People are agreeing, but not all.	...a broad but incomplete consensus.	Turns a social behavior into a measurable state.

🎓 The C2 Power Move: The "Abstract Subject"

In the sentence: "Institutional framework and stakeholder positioning reveal a broad but incomplete consensus," the subjects are not people, but concepts (framework and positioning).

The Mastery Key: C2 proficiency requires the ability to let ideas perform the actions in a sentence. Instead of saying "We can see that the framework shows...", the framework itself becomes the actor. This eliminates the subjective "I" or "We" and creates the veneer of absolute objectivity essential for academic, legal, and diplomatic discourse.

🚀 Application for the Learner

To bridge the gap, stop asking "Who did what?" and start asking "What phenomenon is occurring here?"

Example Transformation:

• B2: The government decided to change the law, which made people angry.
• C2: The government's legislative amendment precipitated widespread public indignation. (Note: 'Decided to change' $\rightarrow$ 'Legislative amendment'; 'Made people angry' $\rightarrow$ 'Precipitated public indignation')