Scientists found old yeast in Ötzi. He is a man from 5,300 years ago. The yeast is still alive.

科學家在奧茨（Ötzi）中發現了古老的酵母。他是一位 5,300 年前的人類。這些酵母目前依然存活。

The scientists looked at the mummy. They found three types of small life. Some were there when the man lived. Some came from the ice. Some are new.

科學家研究了這具木乃伊。他們發現了三種微小生物。有些在該男子生前就已存在，有些來自冰層，而有些則是新的。

They found four types of yeast. These yeasts like very cold weather. They are similar to yeasts in the Arctic.

他們發現了四種酵母。這些酵母非常適應極寒天氣，與北極地區的酵母非常相似。

The scientists used this yeast with flour. They made sourdough bread. This yeast works in cold places. This can help food companies save energy.

科學家將這些酵母與麵粉混合使用，製作出了酸種麵包。這種酵母在低溫環境下仍能運作，這能幫助食品公司節省能源。

The mummy is not just old. It helps us learn about nature and food.

這具木乃伊不僅僅是古老，它還能幫助我們了解自然與食物。

Researchers have found living, cold-resistant yeast strains in the 5,300-year-old remains of Ötzi the Iceman. These findings have allowed scientists to begin early experiments in food production.

研究人員在 5,300 年前的「冰人」奧茲（Ötzi）遺骸中，發現了具有生命且耐寒的酵母菌株。這些發現讓科學家能夠開始進行食品生產的初步實驗。

The microorganisms found on the mummy are divided into three groups: those present while Ötzi was alive, those that entered the body from the glacier after death, and modern bacteria introduced during preservation. Mohamed S. Sarhan and his team at Eurac Research used advanced genetic testing and culturing methods to distinguish between dead ancient DNA and living organisms. They identified four types of cold-tolerant yeast, such as Glaciozyma, which are similar to yeasts found in the Arctic and Antarctic. These organisms entered the body after death and survived through a very slow growth cycle, supported by the specific conditions in the museum's storage facility.

在木乃伊身上發現的微生物分為三組：奧茲生存時就存在的、死後由冰河進入身體的，以及保存過程中引入的現代細菌。Mohamed S. Sarhan 和他在 Eurac Research 的團隊使用了先進的基因檢測與培養方法，來分辨死亡的古代 DNA 與活體生物。他們鑑定出四種耐寒酵母，例如 Glaciozyma，與在北極和南極發現的酵母相似。這些生物是在死後進入身體，並透過極其緩慢的生長週期生存至今，而博物館儲藏設施的特定條件也提供了支持。

Furthermore, the researchers noted that the external microbiome has changed because of the UV-treated water spray used to keep humidity at 99 percent. Alongside this biological mapping, the team tested how these living yeasts could be used practically. By adding the yeast to flour, they successfully created a sourdough starter. Because these strains can work in cold environments, they may have industrial value. Specifically, they could allow fermentation to happen at refrigerated temperatures, which would consequently reduce energy costs during food production and transport.

此外，研究人員注意到，由於使用經過 UV 處理的水霧將濕度維持在 99%，導致外部微生物群發生了改變。在進行這項生物製圖的同時，團隊也測試了這些活酵母在實際上的用途。透過將酵母加入麵粉，他們成功製作出酸種發酵起子。由於這些菌株在寒冷環境中也能運作，因此可能具有工業價值。具體而言，它們能讓發酵在冷藏溫度下進行，進而降低食品生產與運輸過程中的能源成本。

The mummy remains a living biological source, offering both a look into ancient environments and a way to improve cold-temperature fermentation.

這具木乃伊仍然是一個活的生物來源，既能讓我們窺探古代環境，也能提供改良低溫發酵的方法。

Researchers have identified viable, cold-adapted yeast strains within the 5,300-year-old remains of Ötzi the Iceman, facilitating preliminary experiments in food production.

研究人員在 5,300 年前的「冰人」奧茨遺骸中，發現了可生存且適應低溫的酵母菌株，並以此進行了初步的食品生產實驗。

The microbial composition of the specimen is categorized into three distinct temporal strata: indigenous microbiota present during the subject's lifetime, postmortem colonizers from the glacial environment, and contemporary contaminants introduced via conservation protocols. Analysis conducted by Mohamed S. Sarhan and colleagues at Eurac Research utilized shotgun metagenomics and culturing techniques to differentiate between degraded ancient DNA and viable organisms. The study identified four cold-tolerant yeast genera—Phenolifera, Glaciozyma, Goffeauzyma, and Mrakia—which exhibit genetic similarities to yeasts found in Arctic and Antarctic regions. These organisms appear to have infiltrated the remains postmortem and have persisted through a slow reproductive cycle, aided by the specific conditions of the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology's storage facility.

該樣本的微生物組成被分為三個不同的時間層次：個體生存期間的原生微生物群、死後來自冰川環境的殖民菌，以及透過保存程序引入的現代污染物。Mohamed S. Sarhan 與 Eurac Research 的同事利用散彈槍元基因組學與培養技術，以分辨退化的古代 DNA 與可生存的生物。研究發現了四個耐寒酵母屬——Phenolifera, Glaciozyma, Goffeauzyma 與 Mrakia——它們與在北極及南極地區發現的酵母菌具有基因相似性。這些生物似乎是在死後滲入遺骸，並在南蒂羅爾考古博物館儲存設施的特定條件下，透過緩慢的繁殖週期得以生存。

Furthermore, the external microbiome has been modified by the introduction of Methylobacterium and Sphingomonas, likely a consequence of the UV-treated water spray used to maintain 99 percent humidity. Parallel to the biological mapping, the research team conducted experimental applications of the viable yeast strains. By introducing the yeast to a flour-based medium, the researchers successfully developed a sourdough starter. The adaptation of these strains to a dough environment suggests potential industrial utility, specifically regarding the capacity for fermentation at refrigerated temperatures, which would theoretically reduce energy expenditure during food transportation and production.

此外，由於使用經過 UV 處理的水霧以維持 99% 的濕度，導致 Methylobacterium 與 Sphingomonas 的引入，使得外部微生物組產生了改變。在進行生物製圖的同時，研究團隊亦對這些可生存的酵母菌株進行了實驗性應用。研究人員將酵母菌加入麵粉基底，成功研發出一種酸種發酵起種（sourdough starter）。這些菌株能夠適應麵團環境，顯示出潛在的工業用途，特別是在冷藏溫度下發酵的能力，理論上可減少食品運輸與生產過程中的能源消耗。

The specimen remains a dynamic biological interface, providing both insights into ancient ecosystems and potential advancements in cold-temperature fermentation.

該樣本依然是一個動態的生物界面，不僅提供了對古代生態系統的見解，還能推動低溫發酵技術的進步。