More Wars in the World in 2025

Jun 9, 2026, 15:08
AfricaInternational
A2

More Wars in the World in 2025

2025年世界戰爭增加

Introduction

Many reports show that more countries fought wars in 2025. Many people died because leaders did not follow international laws.

許多報告顯示，2025年有更多國家陷入戰爭。由於領導人不遵守國際法，導致許多人死亡。

Main Body

In 2025, there were 65 wars. This is the highest number in a long time. About 245,000 people died. In Sudan, many normal people died in the fighting.

2025年共發生了65場戰爭。這是很長一段時間以來的最高數字。約有24.5萬人死亡。在蘇丹，許多平民在戰鬥中喪生。

Some leaders use armies to get what they want. Leaders like Vladimir Putin, Donald Trump, and Benjamin Netanyahu use force to control other countries. Some countries in the Gulf also fight in civil wars.

某些領導人利用軍隊來獲取他們想要的東西。像是普丁、川普以及納坦雅胡等領導人，使用武力來控制其他國家。波斯灣地區的一些國家也在進行內戰。

The United Nations is now less powerful. Some people say Germany does not protect international laws. Experts say countries must work together for human rights and stop the sale of weapons.

聯合國現在的權力有所下降。有些人認為德國沒有維護國際法。專家表示，各國必須為了人權而共同努力，並停止武器銷售。

Conclusion

The world is dangerous now. Many leaders think violence is a normal way to get power.

現在的世界很危險。許多領導人認為暴力是獲取權力的正常手段。

Vocabulary Learning

💡 The 'People' Pattern

Look at how the text describes groups. This is the easiest way to build A2 sentences about the world.

1. Simple Word Pairs

  • Many reports →\rightarrow (Lots of papers/news)
  • Many people →\rightarrow (A large number of humans)
  • Some leaders →\rightarrow (A few bosses of countries)
  • Normal people →\rightarrow (Everyday citizens)

2. The 'Who Does What' Rule In A2 English, we keep it straight: Person →\rightarrow Action.

  • Leaders →\rightarrow did not follow laws.
  • Countries →\rightarrow fought wars.
  • Experts →\rightarrow say we must work together.

3. Quick Vocabulary Shift Instead of saying "The people who lead the country," just say Leaders. Instead of saying "The people who know a lot," just say Experts.

Vocabulary Learning

reports (n.)
Documents that give information about something
Example:I read the news reports about the war.
international (adj.)
Between two or more countries
Example:International laws help keep peace between nations.
force (n.)
Strong power or violence used to make someone do something
Example:The army used force to take the city.
civil wars (n.)
Wars between people in the same country
Example:Civil wars are very sad because families fight each other.
powerful (adj.)
Having a lot of power or control
Example:The United States is a very powerful country.
experts (n.)
People who know a lot about a subject
Example:Experts say we need to protect the environment.
weapons (n.)
Objects used to fight or kill, like guns
Example:The country stopped the sale of dangerous weapons.
violence (n.)
Using physical force to hurt or kill people
Example:Violence is never the answer to a problem.
B2

Analysis of Rising Global Conflicts and the Weakening of International Law in 2025

2025年全球衝突上升與國際法削弱之分析

Introduction

Recent data from several research institutes show a significant increase in state-based conflicts and deadly violence worldwide during 2025. This trend happens at a time when many believe that countries are no longer following international law.

數家研究機構的最新數據顯示，2025年全球國家間的衝突與致命暴力顯著增加。這一趨勢發生在許多人認為各國不再遵守國際法的時刻。

Main Body

According to data from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) and the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), 2025 saw 65 active conflicts involving at least one state. This is the highest number since 1946. Specifically, wars between states doubled from the previous year to eight, including conflicts involving Russia, Ukraine, Iran, and Israel. Total deaths reached approximately 245,000, making it one of the deadliest years since the Cold War ended. Furthermore, there was a worrying increase in violence against civilians, especially in Sudan.

根據烏普薩拉衝突數據計畫 (UCDP) 與奧斯陸和平研究中心 (PRIO) 的數據，2025年有65場涉及至少一個國家的衝突處於活躍狀態。這是自1946年以來最高的人數。具體而言，國家間的戰爭較前一年翻倍至8場，包括涉及俄羅斯、烏克蘭、伊朗與以色列的衝突。總死亡人數達到約24.5萬人，使其成為冷戰結束以來最慘烈的年份之一。此外，針對平民的暴力行為呈令人憂心的增加趨勢，尤其是在蘇丹。

At the same time, a 2026 Peace Report from four German institutes suggests that 'warlord' behavior is returning. The researchers emphasize that political leaders—such as Vladimir Putin, Donald Trump, and Benjamin Netanyahu—are using military force as a standard tool to achieve their goals and limit the independence of other nations. They also point to the involvement of Gulf monarchies, including Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the UAE, in various civil wars.

與此同時，四家德國機構發表的2026年和平報告指出，「軍閥」行為正在回歸。研究人員強調，政治領袖——例如普丁、川普與納坦雅胡——正將軍事武力作為達成目標與限制他國獨立性的標準工具。他們還指出海灣君主國（包括沙烏地阿拉伯、卡達與阿聯酋）參與了多場內戰。

These trends show that the United Nations and the global legal order are becoming less effective. The German institutes argue that Germany's failure to get a seat on the UN Security Council shows a loss of international trust. This is partly because Chancellor Friedrich Merz refused to clearly state that US actions in Venezuela and Iran broke international law. Consequently, the researchers suggest that countries should focus more on human rights and stricter arms control to reduce these crises.

這些趨勢顯示聯合國與全球法律秩序正變得低效。德國研究機構認為，德國未能獲得聯合國安理會席位顯示了國際信任的喪失。部分原因在於總理 Friedrich Merz 拒絕明確表示美國在委內瑞拉與伊朗的行動違反了國際法。因此，研究人員建議各國應更關注人權與更嚴格的軍備控制，以減少這些危機。

Conclusion

The current global security situation is defined by record-high tensions between states and a dangerous trend where political violence is becoming normal.

目前的全球安全局勢，是以國家間破紀錄的高張力，以及政治暴力正趨於常態化的危險趨勢為特徵。

Vocabulary Learning

⚡ The 'Power-Up': From Simple to Complex Connections

An A2 student says: "Conflicts increased. International law is weak." A B2 speaker says: "Conflicts increased at a time when international law is becoming weaker."

In the text, we find a goldmine for B2 transition: Connecting Ideas to Show Context.

🛠 The Linguistic Tool: "At a time when..."

This phrase is a bridge. Instead of two short, choppy sentences, it merges a fact with a situation. It tells the reader why the timing matters.

Example from text:

"This trend happens at a time when many believe that countries are no longer following international law."

🚀 Leveling Up Your Logic

To reach B2, you must stop listing facts and start weaving them together. Look at these transformations:

  • A2 (Basic): I am studying English. I have a lot of work.

  • B2 (Advanced): I am studying English at a time when I have a lot of work. (This implies a struggle or a challenge!)

  • A2 (Basic): Prices are going up. People are losing jobs.

  • B2 (Advanced): Prices are going up at a time when people are losing jobs. (This highlights a crisis!)

🔍 Spotting 'Cause and Effect' Words

B2 fluency is also about Logical Result words. The article uses "Consequently."

Stop using "So" for everything.

  • A2: It rained, so I stayed home.
  • B2: It rained heavily; consequently, I decided to stay home.

Quick Analysis of the Text's Flow: Failure to get a seat →\rightarrow Loss of trust →\rightarrow CONSEQUENTLY →\rightarrow Focus on human rights.

Vocabulary Learning

significant (adj.)
Large or important enough to be noticed or have an effect.
Example:There has been a significant increase in the number of students studying online.
approximately (adv.)
Used to show that a number or amount is almost exact but not precise.
Example:The journey from the city center to the airport takes approximately forty minutes.
emphasize (v.)
To give special importance or attention to something when speaking or writing.
Example:The teacher wanted to emphasize the importance of reviewing the vocabulary before the exam.
effective (adj.)
Successful in producing a desired or intended result.
Example:The new security measures proved to be very effective in reducing crime in the neighborhood.
consequently (adv.)
As a result of something that has happened.
Example:He failed to complete the project on time; consequently, he did not receive the bonus.
C2

Analysis of Global Conflict Escalation and the Erosion of International Legal Frameworks in 2025

2025年全球衝突升級與國際法律框架侵蝕分析

Introduction

Recent data from multiple research institutes indicate a significant increase in state-based conflicts and lethal violence globally during 2025, coinciding with a perceived decline in the adherence to international law.

來自多個研究機構的最新數據顯示，2025年全球國家間衝突與致命暴力顯著增加，與此同時，對國際法的遵守程度被認為有所下降。

Main Body

Quantitative assessments provided by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) and the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) establish that 2025 witnessed 65 active conflicts involving at least one state, the highest frequency since 1946. Interstate conflicts specifically doubled from the previous year to eight, including engagements between Russia and Ukraine, Iran and Israel, and various border disputes in Asia. Total conflict-related fatalities reached approximately 245,000, marking the third-deadliest year since the Cold War's conclusion. A critical escalation in one-sided violence against civilians was observed, particularly in Sudan, where massacres in El Fasher contributed to a surge in non-combatant deaths.

根據烏普薩拉衝突數據計畫 (UCDP) 與奧斯陸和平研究中心 (PRIO) 提供的定量評估，2025年共發生65場涉及至少一個國家的衝突，為1946年以來最高頻率。國家間衝突較前一年翻倍增至8場，包括俄羅斯與烏克蘭、伊朗與以色列之間的交戰，以及亞洲多場邊境爭端。衝突相關死亡人數總計約245,000人，為冷戰結束以來第三慘烈的年份。針對平民的單方面暴力嚴重升級，尤其是在蘇丹，法舍爾 (El Fasher) 的大屠殺導致非戰鬥人員死亡人數激增。

Parallel to these statistics, the 2026 Peace Report from four German research institutes posits a resurgence of 'warlord' dynamics. The researchers characterize this phenomenon as the utilization of military force by political leaders—specifically citing Vladimir Putin, Donald Trump, and Benjamin Netanyahu—as a standardized instrument of political strategy to advance strategic interests and curtail the sovereignty of other nations. This pattern is further attributed to several Gulf monarchies, including Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates, regarding their involvement in various civil wars.

與這些數據平行，四個德國研究機構發布的 2026年和平報告認為，「軍閥」動態正再度興起。研究人員將此現象描述為政治領袖——特別點名普丁、川普與納坦雅胡——將軍事武力視為政治策略的標準工具，用以推進戰略利益並削弱其他國家的主權。這種模式進一步被歸因於包括沙烏地阿拉伯、卡達與阿拉伯聯合大公國在內的多個海灣君主國，涉及其參與的各場內戰。

Institutional implications are evident in the perceived degradation of the liberal world order and the efficacy of the United Nations. The German institutes argue that the federal government's failure to secure a seat on the UN Security Council reflects a loss of international trust, attributed to a perceived reluctance to defend international law. This is exemplified by Chancellor Friedrich Merz's refusal to definitively classify US interventions in Venezuela and Iran as breaches of international legal standards. Consequently, the researchers advocate for a shift toward cooperative policies focusing on human rights and the establishment of robust arms control mechanisms to mitigate current crisis dynamics.

制度上的影響體現於自由主義世界秩序以及聯合國效能被視為惡化。德國研究機構認為，聯邦政府未能取得聯合國安理會席位反映了國際信任的喪失，其原因在於被視為不願捍衛國際法。總理 Friedrich Merz 拒絕明確將美國在委內瑞拉與伊朗的干預行動定義為違反國際法標準，即為例證。因此，研究人員倡議將政策轉向聚焦於人權的合作，並建立強而有力的軍備控制機制，以緩解目前的危機動態。

Conclusion

The global security landscape is currently characterized by record-high interstate tensions and a systemic shift toward the normalization of political violence.

目前全球安全局勢的特點在於國家間緊張局勢處於歷史高位，且政治暴力正趨向常態化。

Vocabulary Learning

The Architecture of 'Nominalization as Intellectual Distance'

To transition from B2 to C2, a student must move beyond describing events and begin conceptualizing them. The provided text is a masterclass in Nominalization—the process of turning verbs (actions) and adjectives (qualities) into nouns. This is the hallmark of high-level academic and geopolitical discourse because it allows the writer to treat complex processes as static 'objects' of analysis.

◈ The Linguistic Shift

Observe how the text avoids simple subject-verb-object structures in favor of dense noun phrases:

  • B2 Approach (Action-oriented): International laws are eroding, and conflicts are escalating globally.
  • C2 Approach (Conceptual): "...the erosion of international legal frameworks..." and "Global conflict escalation."

By transforming "erode" →\rightarrow "erosion" and "escalate" →\rightarrow "escalation," the author removes the need for a specific agent and instead creates a conceptual category. This transforms a sequence of events into a phenomenon.

◈ Deconstructing 'The Heavy Noun Phrase'

Look at this specimen:

*"...the utilization of military force... as a standardized instrument of political strategy..."

In this sentence, the 'action' (using force) is buried under four layers of nominalization:

  1. Utilization (The act of using)
  2. Force (The power applied)
  3. Instrument (The tool used)
  4. Strategy (The plan pursued)

This creates an analytical distance. The writer is not just saying "Leaders use armies to get what they want"; they are analyzing the systemic nature of that behavior.

◈ C2 Application: The 'Conceptual Pivot'

To master this, you must stop focusing on who did what and start focusing on what the occurrence represents.

Exercise in Thought: Instead of saying: "The government refused to admit the US broke the law, which made people trust them less."

Pivot to C2 Nominalization: "The refusal to classify interventions as breaches of legal standards reflects a loss of international trust."

The Formula: Action (Verb) →\rightarrow Abstract Noun →\rightarrow Attributive Modifier (Adj) →\rightarrow Systemic Result.

Vocabulary Learning

adherence (n.)
The act of behaving according to a particular law, agreement, or set of rules.
Example:The company's strict adherence to safety protocols prevented any workplace accidents.
curtail (v.)
To reduce in extent or quantity; to impose a restriction on.
Example:The new legislation aims to curtail the power of the executive branch to ensure a better balance of power.
degradation (n.)
The process of becoming worse in quality, status, or effectiveness.
Example:The degradation of the diplomatic relationship led to a complete breakdown in communication between the two nations.
efficacy (n.)
The ability to produce a desired or intended result.
Example:Economists questioned the efficacy of the new tax policy in stimulating long-term growth.
mitigate (v.)
To make something bad less severe, serious, or painful.
Example:The government implemented several measures to mitigate the impact of the economic recession on low-income families.
posits (v.)
To put forward as a basis of argument; to suggest as a fact.
Example:The theory posits that social behavior is primarily shaped by environmental factors rather than genetics.
resurgence (n.)
An increase or revival after a period of little activity, popularity, or occurrence.
Example:There has been a resurgence of interest in vinyl records among younger music enthusiasts.
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