Children watch their parents. They learn how to act and talk to other people from them.

孩子會觀察他們的父母。他們從父母身上學習如何行動以及如何與他人交談。

Some parents fight or use mean words. Children see this and do the same things. They may hit other children or be mean to get what they want.

有些父母會爭吵或使用刻薄的言語。孩子看到後會模仿同樣的行為。他們可能會打其他孩子，或用粗魯的方式來達成目的。

One old study showed this. Children watched an adult hit a doll. Then, the children hit the doll too. This happens in real life at home.

一項早期的研究證明了這一點。孩子們看到成年人擊打玩偶後，孩子們也跟著擊打玩偶。這種情況在現實生活的家庭中也會發生。

Other parents are kind. They help each other and say nice things. Children learn to be friendly. These children do not bully others.

其他父母則比較溫柔。他們互相幫助並說好話。孩子會學會友善。這些孩子不會欺負他人。

Parents are the first teachers. Kind parents help children stay happy and safe.

父母是孩子的第一任老師。溫柔的父母能幫助孩子保持快樂與安全。

Research shows that children learn how to interact with others by watching the adults in their homes. Depending on what they see, this can either lead to aggressive behavior or encourage helpful cooperation.

研究顯示，兒童透過觀察家中的成年人來學習如何與他人互動。根據他們所見到的內容，這可能會導致攻擊性行為，或鼓勵樂於助人的合作精神。

Children often learn how to dominate others by observing their parents. When caregivers use forceful methods—such as threats, manipulation, or putting down a partner—children are likely to copy these patterns to get what they want. This mirroring includes everything from obvious physical aggression to quieter psychological tactics, such as ignoring others or excluding them from social groups.

兒童經常透過觀察父母來學習如何支配他人。當照顧者使用強勢手段——例如威脅、操縱或貶低伴侶時，兒童很可能會模仿這些模式以達到目的。這種模仿涵蓋了從明顯的肢體攻擊到較隱蔽的心理戰術，例如無視他人或將他人排除在社交圈之外。

Evidence supports the link between unstable home environments and long-term problems. For example, the 1961 'Bobo Doll Study' showed that young children became more aggressive after watching adults act violently. Furthermore, long-term research suggests that children exposed to domestic violence are more likely to experience or cause violence in their own romantic relationships as adults.

有證據支持不穩定的家庭環境與長期問題之間的聯繫。例如，1961年的「波波娃娃研究」顯示，幼童在觀察成年人暴力行為後，會變得更具攻擊性。此外，長期研究指出，接觸過家庭暴力的兒童在成年後的親密關係中，更容易經歷或造成暴力。

On the other hand, a positive home environment acts as a protective shield. When parents show respect for one another, work together to solve problems, and praise each other's strengths, children adopt these positive social habits. Consequently, this reduces the likelihood of bullying and helps children recognize and resist aggression from others. These positive effects are strongest when they begin in early childhood.

另一方面，正面的家庭環境能起到保護盾的作用。當父母彼此尊重、共同解決問題並稱讚對方的長處時，兒童會養成這些正面的社交習慣。因此，這能降低被欺凌的可能性，並幫助兒童識別與抵禦來自他人的攻擊。這些正面影響在幼年時期開始時最強。

Parental behavior provides the main example for a child's social life. By moving from forceful to cooperative behavior, parents can significantly reduce the risk of depression and aggression in their teenagers.

父母的行為為兒童的社交生活提供了主要榜樣。透過將強勢行為轉向合作行為，父母可以顯著降低青少年憂鬱與攻擊性的風險。

Research indicates that children acquire social interaction strategies by observing the behaviors of authority figures within the home, which can either foster aggression or promote prosocial cooperation.

研究指出，兒童透過觀察家中權威人物的行為來習得社交互動策略，而這可能會助長攻擊性，或促進親社會的合作。

The acquisition of social dominance tactics in children is frequently a byproduct of observational learning. When caregivers employ coercive strategies—such as threats, manipulation, or the devaluation of a partner's competence—children are likely to replicate these patterns to achieve their objectives. This behavioral mirroring extends from overt aggression to subtle psychological tactics, including social exclusion and the 'silent treatment.'

兒童習得社交支配技巧通常是觀察學習的副產品。當照顧者採取強迫策略——例如威脅、操縱或貶低伴侶的能力——兒童很可能會複製這些模式以達成其目標。這種行為鏡像從明顯的攻擊行為延伸到微妙的心理戰術，包括社交排擠與「冷戰」。

Historical and empirical data support the correlation between early exposure to domestic instability and long-term maladaptive outcomes. The 1961 'Bobo Doll Study' by Albert Bandura demonstrated that preschool-aged children exhibit increased aggression after observing adult violence. Furthermore, longitudinal research suggests that exposure to domestic violence during the preschool period significantly elevates the probability of an individual becoming both a victim and a perpetrator of violence in adult romantic relationships.

歷史與實證數據支持早期接觸家庭不穩定與長期適應不良結果之間的相關性。Albert Bandura 在 1961 年進行的「波波娃娃研究」證明，學齡前兒童在觀察到成人暴力後，會表現出更高的攻擊性。此外，縱向研究顯示，在學齡前時期接觸家庭暴力，會顯著提高個體在成年親密關係中同時成為暴力受害者與加害者的機率。

Conversely, the implementation of a positive behavioral framework serves as a protective mechanism. When parents demonstrate a rapprochement through mutual respect, collaborative task management, and the public acknowledgment of each other's strengths, children internalize these prosocial norms. Such modeling not only reduces the propensity for bullying behavior but also enhances the child's capacity to identify and resist external aggression. The efficacy of these interventions is most pronounced when initiated during the earliest stages of childhood development.

相反地，執行正向的行為框架可作為一種保護機制。當父母透過相互尊重、協作管理任務以及公開認可彼此的長處來展示和解時，兒童會內化這些親社會規範。這樣的模倣不僅能降低欺凌行為的傾向，還能增強兒童識別並抵抗外部攻擊的能力。這些干預措施在兒童發育的最早期階段啟動時，效果最為顯著。

Parental conduct serves as the primary blueprint for a child's social conduct, where the transition from coercive to cooperative modeling can mitigate the risk of adolescent depression and aggression.

父母的行為是兒童社交行為的主要藍圖，從強迫式轉向合作式的模倣可以降低青少年憂鬱與攻擊性的風險。