The UK left the European Union ten years ago. Now, the country sees the results of this change.

英國在十年前離開了歐盟。現在，這個國家看到了這一改變的結果。

Car factories make fewer cars. The government gave money to help, but new companies do not want to build factories in the UK.

汽車廠生產的汽車減少了。政府雖然提供了資金援助，但新公司並不希望在英國建立工廠。

Fishing is also difficult. EU boats still fish in UK waters. It is hard to find workers for the boats.

漁業同樣困難。歐盟的船隻仍在英國水域捕魚。此外，船隻很難找到工人。

Travel is slower and more expensive. People need new papers to cross the border. Hospitals need more workers from other countries.

交通變得更慢且更昂貴。人們過境需要新的文件。醫院需要更多來自其他國家的工人。

Banks in London are still strong. They did not lose many jobs. Some services grew, but others fell.

倫敦的銀行依然強大。他們並沒有失去許多工作崗位。部分服務業成長了，但其他則下降了。

The economy is changing. Many people now think leaving the EU was a mistake.

經濟正在改變。許多人現在認為脫離歐盟是一個錯誤。

Ten years after the 2016 referendum, the United Kingdom is still dealing with the social, economic, and political effects of leaving the European Union.

在2016年全民公投十年後，英國仍在處理脫歐所帶來的社會、經濟與政治影響。

The automotive industry shows how unstable this transition has been. For example, the Nissan plant in Sunderland saw production drop from 507,000 units in 2016 to 273,000 last year. Although the British government provided over £162 million in aid to keep the plant running, the industry still faces trade barriers. Consequently, new foreign companies, such as Xpeng, now prefer the EU market over the UK. Similarly, the fishing industry has not seen the expected benefits. New agreements have allowed EU ships to continue fishing in British waters until 2038, and strict immigration rules have made it difficult to hire skilled crew members.

汽車工業顯示了這次過渡是多麼不穩定。例如，桑德蘭的 Nissan 工廠產量從 2016 年的 507,000 輛下降到去年的 273,000 輛。儘管英國政府提供了超過 1.62 億英鎊的援助以維持工廠運行，但該產業仍面臨貿易壁壘。因此，像小鵬 (Xpeng) 這樣的新外國公司，現在比起英國市場更傾向於歐盟市場。同樣地，漁業也未見到預期的收益。新協議允許歐盟船隻在英國海域繼續捕魚至 2038 年，而嚴格的移民規則使得聘僱熟練船員變得困難。

Border management and travel have also become more difficult. New systems like the Entry-Exit System (EES) and Etias fees have caused delays and higher costs for travelers. Furthermore, transport companies have had to spend a lot of money to meet new safety and biometric rules. This labor shortage is also visible in social care; because fewer EU workers are coming to the UK, the government had to recruit more people from countries like India and Nigeria, although newer laws have since limited these options.

邊境管理與旅行也變得更加困難。新系統如入境出境系統 (EES) 和 Etias 費用導致旅客面臨延遲與更高成本。此外，運輸公司必須投入大量資金以符合新的安全與生物識別規則。勞動力短缺在社會關懷領域同樣明顯；由於較少歐盟工人進入英國，政府不得不從印度和尼日เรีย等國招募更多人員，儘管後來的法律限制了這些選擇。

On the other hand, the financial sector has been surprisingly strong. Many experts predicted massive job losses, but only 7,000 jobs moved to Europe. This stability happened because the industry adapted quickly and the government reduced regulations on banker bonuses. While overall service exports grew by 47% between 2016 and 2025, this growth was mostly in areas with fewer trade barriers, whereas the share of financial and insurance exports actually fell from 32% to 24%.

另一方面，金融業表現出乎意料地強勁。許多專家預測會出現大規模失業，但僅有 7,000 個職位移至歐洲。這種穩定是因為該產業適應迅速，且政府放寬了對銀行家獎金的監管。雖然 2016 年至 2025 年間整體服務出口增長了 47%，但此增長主要集中在貿易壁壘較少的領域，而金融與保險出口的佔比實際上從 32% 下降至 24%。

The United Kingdom continues to experience economic division, and a majority of the public now feels that leaving the EU was a mistake.

英國繼續經歷經濟分化，且大多數民眾現在認為脫歐是一個錯誤。

Ten years after the 2016 referendum, the United Kingdom continues to navigate the socio-economic and geopolitical consequences of its departure from the European Union.

在 2016 年公投十年後，英國仍持續應對退出歐盟後所帶來的社會經濟與地緣政治影響。

The automotive sector serves as a primary indicator of the transition's volatility. The Nissan facility in Sunderland, once a symbol of industrial stability, experienced a significant decline in production, with annual output falling from 507,000 units in 2016 to 273,000 last year. While the British government provided substantial state aid—totaling over £162 million—to maintain operations, the industry has faced non-tariff barriers and a diminished attractiveness for new foreign direct investment, as evidenced by Xpeng's preference for the EU's integrated market.

汽車產業是衡量此次轉型波動程度的主要指標。位於桑德蘭的 Nissan 廠曾是工業穩定的象徵，但產量大幅下降，年產量從 2016 年的 50.7 萬輛跌至去年的 27.3 萬輛。儘管英國政府提供了總計超過 1.62 億英鎊的大量國家援助以維持營運，但該產業仍面臨非關稅壁壘，且對新外國直接投資的吸引力下降，例如小鵬汽車更傾向於歐盟的整合市場。

Similarly, the fisheries sector, despite its disproportionate influence on the referendum's rhetoric, has failed to realize anticipated gains. The transition to independent quota management was complicated by agreements that extended EU vessel access to British waters until 2025, and subsequently until 2038 under the current administration's 'reset' policy. This has resulted in a trade imbalance where seafood imports double the value of exports, compounded by restrictive immigration policies that hinder the recruitment of skilled crew members.

同樣地，漁業儘管在公投的論述中具有不成比例的影響力，但未能實現預期的收益。由於部分協議將歐盟漁船進入英國海域的權限延長至 2025 年，隨後在現任政府的「重置」政策下更延長至 2038 年，導致向獨立配額管理的轉型變得複雜。這導致了貿易失衡，海鮮進口價值是出口價值的兩倍，且受限於嚴格的移民政策，導致難以招募熟練的船員。

Institutional frictions are most evident in the realm of mobility and border management. The introduction of the Entry-Exit System (EES) and the forthcoming Etias charge have institutionalized delays and increased costs for travelers. Furthermore, the aviation and transport sectors have incurred significant capital expenditures to comply with bifurcated safety certifications and biometric requirements. This friction is mirrored in the labor market, specifically within social care. The decline in EU personnel necessitated a pivot toward non-EU recruitment, leading to a surge in visas from nations such as India and Nigeria, though subsequent legislative tightening has restricted these pathways.

制度性的摩擦在移動性與邊境管理領域最為明顯。Entry-Exit System (EES) 的引入以及即將實施的 Etias 收費，使旅行者面臨制度化的延遲與成本增加。此外，航空與運輸產業為了符合分叉的安全認證與生物識別要求，投入了大量的資本支出。這種摩擦也反映在勞動力市場，特別是在社會照護領域。歐盟人員的減少迫使招聘對象轉向非歐盟地區，導致來自印度和尼日利亞等國家的簽證激增，但隨後法律的收緊限制了這些途徑。

Conversely, the financial services sector demonstrated unexpected resilience. Despite projections of massive job losses and capital flight, the City of London maintained its status as a global hub, with only 7,000 jobs migrating to the continent. This stability is attributed to the industry's capacity for adaptation and the government's subsequent deregulation of banker bonuses and listing rules. While services exports grew by 47% in real terms between 2016 and 2025, growth was concentrated in sectors with minimal trade barriers, whereas financial and insurance services' share of exports declined from 32% to 24%.

相反地，金融服務業展現出意想不到的韌性。儘管此前預測會有大規模失業與資金外流，但倫敦市仍維持其全球樞紐地位，僅有 7,000 個職位遷往歐洲大陸。這種穩定歸功於產業的適應能力以及政府隨後對銀行師獎金和上市規則的去管制化。雖然服務出口在 2016 年至 2025 年間實質增長了 47%，但增長集中在貿易壁壘較低的部門，而金融與保險服務在出口中的佔比從 32% 下降至 24%。

The United Kingdom remains characterized by systemic economic divergence and a prevailing public sentiment of regret regarding the withdrawal process.

英國目前的特徵仍是系統性的經濟分歧，以及公眾對於退出過程普遍感到後悔的情緒。